<p>The Philip Leach House is a historic house on Bog Road in East Vassalboro, Maine. Built about 1805, it is a well-preserved local example of a Federal style Cape house. It is notable for the stencilwork and floor painting in its parlor, which are the work of the itinerant folk art stenciler Moses Eaton Jr. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Philip Leach House stands on the west side of the village of East Vassalboro, on the north side of Bog Road just west of the public library. It is a 1-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a gable roof and clapboarded exterior. Its main facade is five bays wide, with a central entrance flanked by sidelight windows. The parlor, located on the left side of the building, has been extensively adorned with stencilwork. Painted in green, red, and yellow, the artwork includes abstract and floral designs. The original floorboards were also painted, with leaf patterns executed in freehand.</p><br>
<p>the house was built about 1805 for Philip Leach, a lawyer who also served as East Vassalboro&#39;s postmaster. The artwork in the parlor was executed, probably by Moses Eaton Jr., not long before he gave up his itinerant artwork and settled down in New Hampshire as a farmer. It was probably executed around 1825, was covered by wallpaper not long afterward. It was exposed during restoration in the early 1980s.</p><br>
<p>Oakland Lake is a 255-acre lake located in central Oakland County in both Waterford Township and Independence Township.</p><br>
<p>There are several basins in the lake, reaching 25 feet, 27 feet, and the deepest being 64 feet, with all three basins having relatively steep side slopes. There are a number of shallow bays on the lake that are less than five-feet deep and several small islands.</p><br>
<p>Originally called Pond Lake, Oakland Lake is located on the upper reaches of</p><br>
<p>the Clinton River watershed. The Clinton River enters Oakland Lake on the west end through a short, wide connection to Woodhull Lake immediately upstream.</p><br>
<p>The Clinton River exits on the southeast end where there are two dams that regulate water level. Both Oakland and Woodhull lakes have a legal established lake level elevation of 957.43. A short distance downstream of Oakland Lake, the Clinton River enters into Schoolhouse Lake and Loon Lake. Near the central portion of Oakland Lake and to the south, a short, shallow connection leads to Leggets Lake, which is a small (25 acres), shallow (10 feet) lake.</p><br>
<h2>Fish</h2><br>
<p>Fish in Lake Oakland included Northern Pike, Bluegill, Pumpkinseed, Rock Bass, Black Crappie, Largemouth Bass, Brown Bullhead, Bowfin and Carp.</p><br>
<p>The Professional Plaza Tower, also known as the Hammer and Nail building due to its two iconic illuminated signs , is a high-rise building located at 3800 Woodward Avenue in Midtown Detroit, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2016.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Professional Plaza Tower was built as part of the ambitious Detroit Medical Center urban renewal plan carried out in the 1960s. The project, which envisioned a peripheral ring of residential and commercial buildings, including three neighboring twelve-story towers, surrounding the central hospital complex, was never fully realized; however the Professional Plaza Tower, constructed between 1964 and 1966 to house the offices of physicians, surgeons, and dentists, succeeded in bringing medical professionals back into the city, and rapidly established itself as an anchor to the Medical Center.</p><br>
<p>The tower went vacant in 2013; recently slated for demolition, it is being converted into a 75-unit residential apartment with ground floor retail.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The tower stands twelve stories high and has a square footprint. It was designed by architects Gerald Crane and Norbert Gorwic in the International Style. The largely unaltered exterior consists of a glass and aluminum curtain wall, punctuated on each of the four sides with three concrete columns extending from the base to the roof. The first and twelfth floors are recessed, and the penthouse is faced with precast concrete panels. The main feature of the building were two neon signs, each consisting of three hammers and a nail, displayed on the penthouse walls of the north and south façades. The signs were installed in the 1980s, when the Carpenters Union occupied the top two floors of the tower, and taken down in 2016: one was returned to the Union, while the other will be restored and replaced on the building.</p><br>
<p>Schoolhouse Lake is an all-sports 37-acre lake located in central Oakland County, on the east side of Waterford in Waterford Township.</p><br>
<p>The lake is part of the Clinton River watershed.</p><br>
<p>The Clinton River enters Schoolhouse Lake on the north end and exits on the west end. Upstream is Lake Oakland and Wormer Lake (27.5 acres).</p><br>
<p>Downstream from Schoolhouse Lake is Loon Lake.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The village of Clintonville was first settled in 1830 near what was later named Schoolhouse Lake.</p><br>
<p>The Schoolhouse Lake was so named when Clintonville School No.7, the first school in Clintonville, was built on the banks of the lake at what today is 3101 Walton Blvd. in Waterford, Michigan near Clintonville Road. The school building still stands today.</p><br>
<h2>Fish</h2><br>
<p>Schoolhouse Lake contains a variety of fish, including Black Crappie, Bluegill, Largemouth Bass, Northern Pike, Rock Bass, Smallmouth Bass, Sunfish, Walleye and Yellow Perch.</p><br>
<p>Deer Lake is an all-sports, 137-acre lake along the main branch of the Clinton River. The lake, with a maximum depth of 63 feet, lies within Independence Township in Oakland County, Michigan.</p><br>
<p>Deer Lake is one of the first lakes the Clinton River flows through, and the first lake in Independence Township, after the river rises in Springfield Township.</p><br>
<p>The Clinton River enters Deer Lake on the north end just after it passes under I-75. It exits on the south end where it enters into Middle Lake (23 acres), then into tiny Dollar Lake and then, as it crosses under Dixie Highway, into Greens Lake.</p><br>
<p>Deer Lake connects on its northeast side to 5-acre Dark Lake.</p><br>
<h2>Depot</h2><br>
<p>In 1851, the Detroit, Grand Haven and Milwaukee Railway came through Independence Township and a train depot was built in Clarkston. The Clarkston depot was 35.23 miles from Detroit and 153.08 miles from Grand Haven, Michigan. The railroad helped make the lakes of the area, including Deer Lake, easily accessible to summer vacationers from the big cities.</p><br>
<p>The Clarkston depot, along with the Waterford depot, the Drayton Plains depot and the Windiate depot served to make Independence Township and Waterford Township a resort area.</p><br>
<p>The original depot at Clarkston, built in 1851, burned down around 1890. A "witch&#39;s hat" depot was then built to replace it, but it burned down in 1923. A third depot was built to replace it and ceased operation in 1959.</p><br>
<p>Since 1962, the depot has been used as a theater by the Clarkston Village Players, a local community theatre organization.</p><br>
<h2>Resort</h2><br>
<p>The Deer Lake Inn Hotel was a summer resort for vacationers from Detroit and Lansing. The resort was easily accessed by four trains a day during the summer months from the 1890s to the 1940s and was located on Deer Lake near the Clarkston depot. It featured boating, fishing, sailing, sunbathing and tennis.</p><br>
<h2>Public access</h2><br>
<p>Deer Lake has a public beach for township residents on the south shore off of White Lake Road in Clarkston. There is also a boat launch at the beach.</p><br>
<h2>Fish</h2><br>
<p>Fish in Deer Lake include pumpkinseed sunfish, largemouth bass, walleye, northern pike and crappie.</p><br>
<p>Lake Balžis is a lake in the north-eastern part of Vilnius City Municipality, Lithuania. It is surrounded by Nemenčinė-Lavoriškės pine forests. Its coasts are quite high, dry. Lake Balžis is connected to Lake Juodis and Lake Skarbelis by small rivulets. The lake belongs to Neris River basin.</p><br>
<p>Lake Balžis is a popular recreation place for Vilnius inhabitants. In Soviet times, pioneer camp was located at the coast of the lake. Now Šilas city district is located around the lake.</p><br>
<p>The name of the lake balžis comes from the word balžas which means "serene, clear, bright".</p><br>
<h2>Sources</h2><br>
<p>Aleksandras Vanagas. Lietuvių hidronimų etimologinis žodynas. – Vilnius: Mokslas, 1981.</p><br>
<p></text></p><br>
<p></revision></p><br>
<p>The Gerome Clark House is located east of Milford, Iowa, United States.</p><br>
<p>New York native Gerome Clark settled in Dickinson County about 1867. As he and his sons cleared the land of glacial rock for plantings they collected the multi-colored rocks and boulders of various sizes. The house was built in two sections, and it was not completed until 1888. The older section is two stories high, and the second section is a single story. Because the second section was built on higher ground it appears taller. It is a typical example of Iowan pioneer architecture. Its significance is derived from the adaptive use of unusual materials in its construction. The Clark family owned the house until 1905, when it was sold to Jacob L. Williams, whose family continued to own it at least into the late 20th century. However, it has not been lived in since 1967. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.</p><br>
<p>The Antlers Hotel is located in downtown Spirit Lake, Iowa, United States. From the 1880s to the early 1920s an alliance of railroad companies, entrepreneurs, and sportsmen made Spirit Lake and the Iowa Great Lakes region into an upscale tourist destination based on boating, hunting and gun tournaments. Completed in 1902, this hotel was built at the height of that development. A significant addition to the hotel was competed in 1930. Starting in the 1920s tourism started to change with the increasing popularity of the automobile and the decline of the railroads. This is one of the few railroad-era tourism related buildings remaining in the area. It was designed in the Neoclassical style by Austin, Minnesota architect Frank W. Kinney. The three-story brick structure is built on a raised basement. It features brick columns, arched windows, ornamental cornices and a wrap-around veranda. Antlers Hotel was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007. It has been renovated into a 14-unit apartment complex.</p><br>
<p>Laura to Maytown Coach Road is a heritage-listed road between the towns of Laura and Maytown, Shire of Cook, Queensland, Australia. It was built from to. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The isolation of the Palmer Goldfield and the consequent high transport costs were a major obstacle to development that was never fully overcome. In February 1874 carriage from Cooktown over the track surveyed by Macmillian&#39;s party cost £200 per ton. Through increased competition, rates dropped to £70 per ton in 1875 when mining output was at its peak.</p><br>
<p>The main Palmer road from Cooktown followed a circuitous route north of the Conglomerate Range to Palmerville, but this was reduced over time. Maytown, centre of the reefing, did not have a road directly to it until 1877.</p><br>
<p>However erosion made road construction difficult and the hauling of machinery hazardous and slow. Wheeled traffic cut through the soft sandstone descent of the Conglomerate Range north of Maytown, making it particularly dangerous after rain. Archibald Campbell Macmillan attempted to prevent further erosion by easing gradients and constructing retaining walls on the most dangerous sections.</p><br>
<p>The Hann Divisional Board assisted with improvements so that by May 1880 a regular Cobb and Co coach service was inaugurated. The track eventually became the main route onto the Palmer from Laura and the historical section now traverse Reserve R16.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Originally the road represented the last leg of the long journey from Cooktown to the Palmer Goldfield. From Chalmers, 11 km west of Laura, the road heads south on the eastern side of the Little Laura River to Patricks (1877). The road then takes an 1895 detour to Ripple Creek via a track to the west of the original track then heads south to the North Palmer River. Included in this section is a detour to avoid the original track via Folders and Logan Jack Cairn. Both the original track and the detour are included in this listing. Before crossing the North Palmer River the track divides in two. These tracks are the result of the need for a reliable wet season track and both are included in this listing. The track heads south to Maytown via the original (1877) western track.</p><br>
<p>Places associated with the road include the Chalmers hotel site on the Little Laura River, Patricks hotel site, Neds hotel site, Ripple Creek staging post site, Folders hotel and staging post site at the base of the Conglomerate Range, Larry Moores shanty site, Jessops Creek and Jessops Gully alluvial and reef workings and the Gang Forward battery site near the North Palmer River. The three largest Chinese garden sites along the road are found at 14 Mile or Garden Creek, the Lone Star or Tommy Ah Toy&#39;s garden at Mossman Gorge, and a garden site between Jessops Hill and Jessops Creek.</p><br>
<p>Originally a hand-cut track connecting the Palmer River Goldfield with Cooktown via Laura. The track has since been partly re-formed as a graded road but contains some sections, particularly between Cradle Creek and the North Palmer River, which can demonstrate the original construction containing steep pinches, cuttings and stone drains.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Laura to Maytown Coach Road was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Laura to Maytown Coach road is significant in North Queensland history as the major arterial route to the Palmer Goldfield. The road is significant for its early association with the Cobb & Co coach line which began regular services in 1880. The road is of significance for its associated historical places including wayside house, staging posts, Chinese gardens and mine workings.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>It is one of the few remaining historic access routes on the Palmer which has not been subjected to extensive up-grading.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>It demonstrates notable engineering feats and road making techniques in steep rocky terrain in an isolated, high rainfall region of North Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The road continues in use and is recognised as a landmark feature by local residents and visitors.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement at a particular period.</p><br>
<p>It demonstrates notable engineering feats and road making techniques in steep rocky terrain in an isolated, high rainfall region of North Queensland.</p><br>
<p>Alexandra Mine and Battery is a heritage-listed mine at Palmerville Station, Maytown, Shire of Cook, Queensland, Australia. It was built from to 1898. It is also known as Alexandra PC.It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Mining began in the Palmer River area in 1876 and production commenced from the "Alexander PC" (one of the earliest prospecting claims) in 1878. Crushings of selected ore enabled the mine to average a spectacular eight ounces of gold per ton during the 1870s. By 1880, the Alexandra had crushed a mere 183 tons of stone for a yield of 1,262 ounces of gold, grossing well over £5,000. However cartage and crushing costs were high as the ore had to be packed 16 km to the battery. Therefore, a gold yield of two-three ounces per ton was required before a profit could be considered.</p><br>
<p>Small scale production went on intermittently until 1895 when Edwin Field installed a steam pump and winding gear, taken from the Louisa and Queen mines in 1895 and erected a battery at the Alexandra. He undertook development work, pumping out the mine and retimbering and began crushing in 1897. But, although operations continued on a small scale for nearly two years, the reef yielded just over one ounce to the ton.</p><br>
<p>At the end of 1898 the mine closed. In twenty years 499 tons of ore had been raised for a total of 1,810 ounces of gold, an average of 3.6 ounces to the ton. The mine was never worked again and the battery frame was removed in 1940.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The place is situated on a ridge at the head of a gully, about 500 m south of the Palmer River, at co-ordinates 16.06.01S - 144.19.00E. The mine workings and battery are closely confined on a terraced bench. The site of the managers house is evident alongside the road on top of the ridge and comprises a broken cement surface. A grinding pan has been removed to the house site.</p><br>
<p>The mine workings are aligned along the strike of the reef and include, on the terrace level, a caved main shaft and an earlier shaft. An adit has been driven in from the gully to meet the main shaft. A single cylinder portable steam engine is located alongside the main shaft. (Since a survey of the site in 1982 a pump arm has been placed alongside the main shaft). Mullock has been dumped into the gully to form a dam. The watercourse now bypasses the dump. Another group of workings comprising a shaft and mullock dumps is located about 100 m south-east on a spur of the ridge.</p><br>
<p>The battery plant includes a Cornish boiler in a brick mount with a flue leading to an intact nine metre high metal chimney. Immediately alongside the boiler is the body of a single cylinder horizontal engine. Alongside the engine are two mortar boxes which appear to have remained in situ although the stamper frame has been removed. Seven of the ten stamper rods are still standing in the mortar boxes. The camshaft is nearby.</p><br>
<p>The surviving plant includes:</p><br>
<p>Cornish boiler - J.W.Sutton & Co Brisbane</p><br>
<p>One-cylinder portable steam engine - no brand (Clayton & Shuttleworth ?)</p><br>
<p>One-cylinder horizontal steam engine - no brand.</p><br>
<p>Boiler casing (converted to a water tank) - no brand.</p><br>
<p>Pump arm (not in situ)</p><br>
<p>2 Five-stamp mortar boxes - no brands</p><br>
<p>Grinding pan (at manager&#39;s house site, not part of battery)</p><br>
<p>Langlands Foundry</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Alexandra Mine and Battery was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Alexandra mine and battery are significant in the evolution and pattern of reef mining in North Queensland from 1876 to 1898. The existence of a tin battery on a gold mining site illustrates the ad hoc and practical development of mining on the Palmer goldfield.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The survival of the mine and battery site, complete with a Cornish boiler still in its brick bed and with an intact steel chimney, is rare, both in Queensland and in Australia. The single cylinder horizontal steam engine is also very early and rare.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates unusual technology in the use of a three outlet mortar box, usually associated with tin mining, and the site has the potential to yield more information about nineteenth century milling techniques.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The Alexandra battery is situated on a narrow hillside terrace directly adjacent to the mine workings. The tightly grouped plant and machinery and nine metre high chimney form a compact and easily interpreted site. The place is one of the best preserved and most intact mining sites on the Palmer goldfield.</p><br>
<p>Yage Taung is a mountain of the Tenasserim Hills, Burma. This mountain rises within the Tanintharyi National Park which is coterminous with the Kaeng Krachan National Park zone over the border with Thailand.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Yage Taung is located in a wooded and largely uninhabited area of the Tanintharyi Region, 1.4 km to the west of the border with Thailand. The closest conspicuous peaks are 1,431 m high Palan Taung rising less than 6 km to the NNW and 1,315 m high Yekye Tong to the SSE, also by the Thai border.</p><br>
<p>The nearest inhabited place on the Burmese side is Natthi, a riverside village located 26 km to the WSW.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>On 19 July 2011, a Royal Thai Army Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk helicopter crashed in the Yage Taung mountainside, killing 9. The chopper had been sent out to recover five bodies of victims of another helicopter crash involving a Bell UH-1 Iroquois that had occurred two days earlier while looking for illegal loggers in Kaeng Krachan National Park near the Burmese border west of Phetchaburi.</p><br>
<p>A third helicopter, a Bell 212, also crashed in the same area on Sunday, 25 July a few miles further east close to the Kaeng Krachan Reservoir. Superstitious people blamed the three consecutive helicopter crashes on the belief that the densely forested mountains of the Tenasserim Range have strong guardian spirits according to Thai folklore.</p><br>
<p>Wild Irish Girl Mine and Battery is a heritage-listed mine at Conglomerate Range, Maytown, Shire of Cook, Queensland, Australia. It was built from to 1980s. It is also known as Emily Battery. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the 1890s, long after the impetus of reef mining on the Palmer had waned, prospectors identified a system of thin quartz reefs immediately under the escarpment of the Conglomerate Range. The Best Friend, Bal Gammon and Wild Irish Girl reefs outcropped on a ridge and could be mined by adits. In 1894 John Trainor and James Burchall took over the Wild Irish Girl PC from its prospectors and after driving a 13 m tunnel struck a rich formation, the Native Girl Reef.</p><br>
<p>Trainor and Burchell invested £300 in their own crushing plants to save on cartage costs. The mill, named the Emily, was operating by October 1894 and was the most compact plant conventional nineteenth century technology could provide: three head of gravity stamps powered by a light vertical engine. By 1897 the Emily had crushed 342 tons from the Native Girl reef, yielding 427 ounces, enough to pay for the machinery five times over. Interest in the area slowly declined, but in the early years of this century the mill was still crushing occasional parcels from the local reefs.</p><br>
<p>During World War I a small upturn occurred when the Kipling&#39;s Crossing reefs were discovered and ore was sent to the Emily for crushing. The mill was probably under the control of Sam Wonnacott, who lived in the ranges, worked the Wild Irish Girl and nearby mines, and crushed public stone whenever the demand arose. He owned the mill by the 1920s and changed its name to the Wild Irish Girl.</p><br>
<p>In 1930 Sam Elliott bought the mill from Wonnacott and continued working the Cradle Creek mines and crushing at the Wild Irish Girl battery for over thirty years. Sam Elliott was the last hard rock miner operating on the Palmer Goldfield. He died in 1986 and is buried in the Maytown cemetery.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The place, situated on the edge of the Conglomerate Range escarpment, comprises a closely associated group of components including mine workings, battery shed and quarters, earlier hut and camp site, alluvial workings and water races, and a Chinese grave. There are three groups of mine workings, the Native Girl comprising narrow open cut workings and underground workings with air shafts, the Friendly Girl comprising shallow open cut workings, and the Wild Irish Girl mine comprising an adit and underground workings.</p><br>
<p>The mines are connected by a skid path to a small battery shed and living quarters. The battery shed is constructed of bush timber clad with corrugated iron. The shed contains a vertical boiler and semi- portable engine, a light three-head prospecting battery, a workshop, a living area and fireplace, and a small water tank on a recently collapsed timber stand. A caved water shaft and a stone forge are located alongside the shed. A small watercourse which runs past the battery contains three stone overshot weirs.</p><br>
<p>An extensive area of early alluvial workings commences along the watercourse about 100 m south of the battery. This area, which extends for over 400 m contains diverted creek beds, stone walled channels, and a stone lined water race. A packhorse track follows the creek. The grave of Chinese prospector is located above the bridle track. The remains of Wonnacott&#39;s camp is located between the battery shed and alluvial workings. The site comprises flagstone and earth surfaces, timber uprights and a scatter of domestic items including two iron beds with bedsteads.</p><br>
<p>The surviving plant includes:</p><br>
<p>Three-head stamp battery - Walkers Ltd Maryborough</p><br>
<p>One-cylinder semi-portable vertical steam engine - Tangye Archer.</p><br>
<p>Vertical boiler - Smellie & Company, Brisbane</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Wild Irish Girl Mine and Battery was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Wild Irish Girl battery is significant in Queensland&#39;s history as the most intact early steam powered prospecting battery on the Palmer Goldfield and in North Queensland. It was also the last steam powered stamp battery to operate on the Palmer, having worked for approximately 90 years. It is a tangible link with nineteenth century mining on the Palmer Goldfield.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The close combination of an intact battery and plant, intact living quarters, mine workings and alluvial workings is rare in Queensland. The Wild Irish Girl battery has the only intact three-head battery and the only intact vertical engine (a Tangye Archer) recorded in association with an historic mining place in Queensland. The place is of national significance because of its intactness. It also has the only surviving battery shed, in North Queensland, which incorporates living quarters.</p><br>
<p>Mrs Watson&#39;s Cottage is a heritage-listed house ruin at Lizard Island National Park, Lizard Island, Shire of Cook, Queensland, Australia. It is also known as Stone ruin at Lizard Island. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The stone ruins overlooking Watson&#39;s Bay on the north side of Lizard Island may be linked to the use of the island for beche-de-mer fishing by Europeans in the 19th century. They are popularly associated with the incidents surrounding the deaths of Mary Watson, her baby son and two Chinese employees in 1881, following a confrontation with mainland Aborigines.</p><br>
<p>Aboriginal people used Lizard Island for thousands of years before Europeans arrived in north Queensland. The island is thought to have been used for ceremonial purposes and Captain James Cook recorded observing several frames of huts and large middens during his voyage along the coast in 1770.</p><br>
<p>The harvesting of beche-de-mer, prized by Chinese as a culinary delicacy, was carried out along the north Australian coast from about 1700 by fishermen from the south of Sulawesi, who made regular trips to catch and process the creatures. They require preservation by boiling and smoking before transportation and this meant that camps for the purpose were set up on shore until preservation began to be carried out on board ship in the 1890s. Europeans took up this trade in the early 19th century, following a suggestion of Matthew Flinders. In 1827, 10 tons of beche-de-mer was exported from the Cooktown area to Timor. In 1860 a group of Europeans, Chinese and South Sea Islanders arrived on Lizard Island to establish a processing base there and appear to have settled on Watson&#39;s Bay. Although the venture was not successful and was abandoned in October 1861 after a number of them died, they constructed a stone building during their occupancy. Other groups subsequently worked there including more than 40 South Sea Islanders employed by Captain Delargy in the late 1860s.</p><br>
<p>In 1879 Captain Robert Watson and P C Fuller established a station to carry out beche-de-mer processing on Watson&#39;s Bay. It is possible that they used or adapted this building, however, this is not known and they did construct buildings themselves. In May 1880, Robert Watson married the 20-year-old Mary Oxnam, who emigrated from England with her parents in 1877 and had worked briefly as a teacher before her marriage. The Watsons moved to Lizard Island, where Watson had erected a dwelling, smokehouse and store, and established a small fruit and vegetable garden. Two Chinese men, Ah Sam and Ah Leong, were employed to assist in the house and garden respectively. Mary returned to Cooktown in March 1881 to await the birth of her first child early in June, and was back on Lizard Island by July.</p><br>
<p>On 1 September 1881 Watson and Fuller took their boats 200 miles north to Night Island, intending to be away for about 6 weeks. Mary was left on the island with her infant son and the two Chinese employees. On 27 September a group of Aborigines from Starke and Point Lookout arrived at Lizard Island, which, according to oral tradition, contained a sacred site in the approximate vicinity of the beche-de-mer station. It is thought that on 29 September they speared and killed Ah Leong, who was working in the garden approximately quarter of a mile from Mrs Watson&#39;s dwelling. The next day they gathered on the beach below the house, dispersed when Mary fired a rifle and revolver, but returned on 1 October and speared Ah Sam, severely wounding him.</p><br>
<p>Fearing a further attack and lacking other means of escape, Mary packed a few belongings, food, water and two paddles into a cut-down iron ship&#39;s tank used for boiling the beche-de-mer, and set off with Ah Sam and the baby on 2 October. They eventually reached No.5 Howick Island, which, although it lay along the steamer route, unfortunately lacked fresh water. Too weak to continue, they hoped to attract the attention of a passing ship, but were unsuccessful and died from thirst. Mary kept a brief diary throughout the ordeal. The contents were later made public and her uncomplaining courage, composure and efforts to protect her child evoked widespread pity and admiration. The last entry is dated 11 October 1881.</p><br>
<p>In the meantime, Robert Watson had returned to find signs of an Aboriginal attack having taken place and his wife and child missing. He began to search for them and the incident exacerbated European antagonism toward Aborigines in the Cooktown area. A punitive raid was carried out, during which many people were killed, though people at Cape Flattery rather than those actually responsible were targeted.</p><br>
<p>The crew of a passing fishing vessel found the remains of Mrs. Watson, Ah Sam and baby Ferrier on 19 January 1882 and they were accorded a huge public funeral in Cooktown. In 1885 public subscriptions were called for the Mary Watson&#39;s Monument, a drinking-fountain memorial; this was erected with the co-operation of the Cooktown Municipal Council in 1886. The tank in which she escaped was on display at the Queensland Museum for many years.</p><br>
<p>Lizard Island was gazetted as a National Park in 1939 and now contains a resort to the west of the ruins. The story has continued to stir the public imagination and the site of the ruins generally believed to be Watson&#39;s cottage remains a focus for the memory this tragic incident in the European settlement of the North.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The stone ruins are located approximately 60 metres from Watsons Beach and 35 metres north west of Ferriers Creek at Watson&#39;s Bay on the north side of Lizard Island. This is a high rocky island 90 km NNE of Cooktown and 31 km from the coast NE of Cape Flattery.</p><br>
<p>The ruins consist of footings and sections of wall of what was a five- roomed building measuring approximately 14 metres by 10 metres and which appears to have been built in several stages. It is aligned parallel with the beach and has substantially collapsed with only the northwestern corner surviving to its full height, which is approximately two metres above the existing ground level. A portion of a collapsed interior wall and scattered stones also remain. The walls are constructed of local Finlayson granite, using a coursed rubble technique with the stones laid in rough courses with banding at quarter, half and three quarter heights. The stones are cemented with a mortar made of burnt coral and beach sand.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Mrs Watson&#39;s Cottage was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Whether or not Mrs Watson inhabited the ruins, which is in some doubt, they symbolize the intrusion of Europeans into areas long used by Aboriginal people and the often tragic confrontations that took place in the subsequent competition for land and resources. Mrs. Watson&#39;s sad and courageous death evoked widespread public admiration and respect and affected public attitudes towards Aborigines in the area. The building may well be associated with beche-de-mer fishing, an important industry in the Cooktown area in the 19th century.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The age, origin and use of the building is unproven and the ruins and surrounding area have the potential to provide information about this and possibly about the late 19th beche-de-mer industry in north Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The Lizard Island ruins have visual appeal as a picturesque standing ruin in an isolated setting overlooking the sea and evoke the empathy of visitors towards Mrs. Watson&#39;s tragic story.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The Dingaal traditional owners consider the site significant as a symbol of the end of traditional ways, their displacement from traditional lands, the violation of sacred sites and completion with Europeans for resources.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The ruins are widely believed to be associated with Mrs. Watson and act as evocative memorial of her ordeal and death.</p><br>
<p>The Richmond Historic District encompasses the historic village center of Richmond, Maine. Established in the 17th century, the town reached its height of prosperty in the 19th century as a major shipbuilding center on the Kennebec River. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The town of Richmond&#39;s history dates to 1649, when land in the area was purchased from Native Americans by Christopher Lawson. A forst was built here in 1719 as a defense against Native American attacks, which was abandoned after the construction of forts further up the Kennebec River. Richmond was incorporated as part of Bowdoinham in 1762, and separated from that town in 1823. During the 19th century, it was a major local shipbuilding center, producing more than 200 ships between 1815 and 1890, the height of its economic success. One of the results of this economic success are a well-preserved collection of residential and commercial architecture in its village center; none of its shipbuilding yards have survived.</p><br>
<p>The historic district is bounded on the north by Kimball Street, the west by High Street, the south by South Street, and the east by the Kennebec River. This area includes a stretch of modest commercial development on Main Street, which runs perpendicular to the river, with a few fine brick commercial buildings on River Street as well. Prominent buildings include the four-story Greek Revival Hathorn Block, built in 1850 by Jefferson Hathorn, a prominent local shipbuilder and captain. The 1882 Southard Block, also on River Street, was built by T.J. Southard, the towns leading shipbuilder of that period. Southards house was built in 1855, and is one of the state&#39;s finest examples of Italianate architecture.</p><br>
<p>The Judson Record House is a historic house at 22 Church Street in Livermore Falls, Maine. Built in 1907 for a prominent local industrialist, it is a fine local example of Colonial Revival architecture. It presently houses Maine&#39;s Paper and Heritage Museum. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2015.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Judson Record House stands in the town center of Livermore Falls, on the northwest side of Church Street. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a hip roof, wooden shingle siding, and a granite foundation. The roof is pierced by gabled dormers, with the pair facing front featuring broken scrolled pediments. The front facade is symmetrical, with a single-story enclosed porch extending across its width. Both the porch and the main building have corner pilasters, with pilasters also present between pairs of windows on the porch. They rise to an entablature and modillioned cornice. The main entrance is at the center of the porch, flanked by wide sidelight windows, and a transom window above with ten small lights. The building interior retains high quality original workmanship.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1907 for Judson A. Record, a businessman who operated locally important pulp and papermaking businesses. The house was designed by the prominent Maine architecture firm of George M. Coombs and Eugene Gibbs. From 1917 until the 1970s, it was used as housing for managers of the local papermaking businesses, and then as office space. Since 2007 it has housed Maine&#39;s Paper and Heritage Museum.</p><br>
<p>Best&#39;s Covered Bridge, also known as the Swallow Bridge, is a historic covered bridge, carrying Churchill Road over Mill Creek, just south of Vermont Route 44 in West Windsor, Vermont. Built in 1899, it is an architecturally distinctive laminated arch structure with a post-and-beam superstructure. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Bests Covered Bridge is located about 8 mi west of Windsors village center, just south of VT 44 on Churchill Road. It is a single-span laminated arch structure, with a total length of 37 ft and a roadway width of 12.5 ft (one lane). It rests on stone abutments. The arch is formed out of five layers of planking that have been laminated and bolted together. The floor stringers are supported by iron suspension rods descending from the arches, which are complemented by wooden posts rising above the arches. The arches are protected by a post-and-beam frame structure, its exterior clad in vertical boarding, with a metal roof overhead.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was built in 1889 by A.W. Swallows. The laminated arch construction is unusual for 19th-century bridges in Vermont, but is well suited for use on a short crossing on a lightly traveled road.</p><br>
<p>Tequendama is a preceramic and ceramic archaeological site located southeast of Soacha, Cundinamarca, Colombia, a couple of kilometers east of Tequendama Falls. It consists of multiple evidences of late Pleistocene to middle Holocene population of the Bogotá savanna, the high plateau in the Colombian Andes. Tequendama was inhabited from around 11,000 years BP, and continuing into the prehistorical, Herrera and Muisca periods, making it the oldest site of Colombia, together with El Abra, located north of Zipaquirá. Younger evidences also from the Herrera Period have been found close to the site of Tequendama in Soacha, at the construction site of a new electrical plant. They are dated at around 900 BCE to 900 AD.</p><br>
<p>The most important researchers who since 1969 contributed on the knowledge about Tequendama were Dutch geologist and palynologist Thomas van der Hammen and archaeologist and anthropologist Gonzalo Correal Urrego.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>The name Tequendama means in the Muysccubun: "he who precipitates downward".</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>During the time before the Spanish conquest of the Muisca, the central highlands of the Colombian Andes (Altiplano Cundiboyacense) were populated first by prehistorical indigenous groups, then by people from the Herrera Period, and finally by the Muisca.</p><br>
<p>Various sites of ancient population have been uncovered during the second half of the 20th and early 21st century, such as Tibitó, Aguazuque, Checua, El Abra and Tequendama.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The site of Tequendama consists of four cave and overhang locations at close distance to each other, called Tequendama I (~11,000-10,000 years BP), II (9500-8300 BP), III (7000-6000 BP) and IV (2500-450 BP). The cave sites have been inhabited probably because of the access to fresh water; the Bogotá River currently flows very close to the site and also the Funza River was nearby.</p><br>
<p>During the last phase, Tequendama IV, inside the caves and under the overhanging rocks, living constructions were built. At this time it was already ceramic; evidence of the use of pottery was found. The rock art of Tequendama dates to this last phase.</p><br>
<p>The sites of Tequendama were probably inhabited by semi-nomadic hunter-gatherer tribes of maximum 15 individuals. Fruits and land snails were among the food of the people, together with deer and rodents. Areas with fire pits have been found, together with hunting tools, as well as evidence of food preparation and consumption. The most dominant knives, used as scraper tools, found in Tequendama II, III and IV, were also the predominant tools of Checua. More to the outside of the overhangs evidence of animal skin processing has been discovered. The waste was collected in a ditch outside of the overhangs.</p><br>
<h3>Tequendama I</h3><br>
<p>Tequendama I is situated at an altitude of 2,570 m and radiocarbon dating has provided oldest ages between 12,500 and 10,100 years BP. Occupation of Tequendama I continued until approximately 5000 years BP. The first inhabitants have been analysed with the help of the tools of Quaternary geology, as well as using pollen analysis; the dates of 12,500 to 11,000 years BP have been produced. At that time, the paleoclimate was less cold and more humid than today. Lake Fúquene was overflowing rapidly on the Bogotá savanna during this Guantivá interstadial.</p><br>
<p>During the next phase, of El Abra, dated at 11,000 to 9500 years BP, the climate was colder again and the previously retreating glaciers in the Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes were advancing. The people who inhabited the high plateau were hunter-gatherers and mainly consumed white-tailed deer and brocket deer (40 % of the remains found), and to a lesser extent cotton rats, guinea pigs, cottontail rabbits and other animals such as the nine-banded armadillo, tayra and kinkajous. The bones found were in most cases fragmented which suggests the people were eating the bone marrow and used them as tools and decoration. Different from the Colombian site of Tibitó, in Tequendama no remains of Pleistocene megafauna have been found.</p><br>
<p>Following the colder phase, as of 10,000 or 9500 years BP, the Andean forests returned and more evidences of rodents and less of deer have been found at Tequendama.</p><br>
<p>The tools, mainly made of chert, found at Tequendama I are the result of careful elaboration, more so than at El Abra. More than half of the tools found were primitive knives.</p><br>
<p>From the 6th millennium BCE (8000 years BP) onwards, the rock shelter areas were less populated; the population seems to have shifted to the plains of the Bogotá savanna.</p><br>
<p>Twenty bone samples analysed at Tequendama were predominantly males (60 %). Children (20 %) and women (15 %) formed a minor fraction of the remains found. More than 95 % of the bones were intact. Evidence of funeral practices have been found at Tequendama. The traditional way of burying the bodies was with their heads towards the east.</p><br>
<h2>Named after Tequendama</h2><br>
<p>Tequendama appears in various present-day names. The public parking company, Parqueaderos Tequendama Ltda., founded in 1985, is named after Tequendama.</p><br>
<p>Tequendama Falls (Salto del Tequendama) - 132 m high waterfall to the west of the Bogotá savanna in the Bogotá River</p><br>
<p>Tequendama Falls Museum - museum and former hotel overlooking the waterfall</p><br>
<p>Tequendama Province - the province around the falls</p><br>
<p>San Antonio del Tequendama - municipality and capital of the Tequendama Province</p><br>
<p>Hotel Tequendama - famous hotel in the centre of Bogotá</p><br>
<p>Nanuuseq Fjord, old spelling Nanûseq, is a fjord in the King Frederick VI Coast, Kujalleq municipality, southern Greenland.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Nanuuseq, formerly known as Oyfjord, is a short fjord lying between Nattoralik to the north and Lindenow Fjord to the south.</p><br>
<p>It extends in a roughly east/west direction from its mouth in the North Atlantic Ocean for about 20 km until its head. Its entrance is on the northern side of Nanuuseq Island and there is another 5 km long and narrow island within the fjord itself close to its northern shore. Noret is a short tributary fjord branching northwards off the western end of the long island.</p><br>
<p>In the same manner as in the fjords further north, dark-hued mountains rise steeply from the shore on both sides. However, there are no glaciers reaching down to the waterline.</p><br>
<p>The Libby-Hill Block is a historic commercial building at 227-233 Water Street in downtown Augusta, Maine. Built in 1866 by two prominent businessmen after a fire destroyed part of the downtown, it is one of the city&#39;s oldest granite commercial buildings. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Libby-Hill Block is located on the east side of Water Street, Augusta&#39;s principal commercial business district, roughly midway between Bridge and Winthrop Streets. It is a three story masonry structure, built mainly out of rusticated granite blocks. It has a flat roof with a slightly projecting granite cornice, supported by granite brackets. The ground floor houses three storefronts, all of which have modernized facades of polished granite. The upper floors have sash windows set in unadorned rectangular openings.</p><br>
<p>Augustas Water Street commercial district was devastated in 1865 by a massive fire. This building was built the following year, built by B. Libby and Dr. H.H. Hill, two of the citys wealthiest residents. Its granite construction is relatively rare for commercial buildings in the state. Its early tenants included a book store, barber, and dry goods store on the ground floor, and a dance studio and school in the upper floors.</p><br>
<p>The Poland Springs Historic District encompasses the area that was once Maine&#39;s premier inland summer resort, renowned for the supposed curative powers of its spring waters. Located on the north side of Maine Street  in South Poland, Maine, it includes surviving resort buildings in a landscaped environment that includes a golf course, as well as the earliest bottling facilities of water distributor Poland Spring. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. Most of the district is now occupied by the Poland Springs Resort complex.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The historic Poland Springs resort complex is set east of Maine Street in South Poland. Its principal feature is the golf course (developed in the 1890s), with buildings clusted in two different areas near its southern end. Most of the buildings date between 1890 and 1915, although the largest, the Executive Inn, is a Classical Revival structure built in 1963. Near the inn stand the All Souls Chapel, built in 1912 as a place to hold religious services for guests and employees, and the 1893 Maine State Building, moved here from the World&#39;s Columbian Exposition in Chicago and now housing a museum. One element now separated from the surviving resort complex is its former 1919 beach house, now a private residence on the south side of Maine Street.</p><br>
<p>East of the resort complex, at the end of Preservation Way, stand the bottling plant and spring house. The former bottling plant is a rectangular building, with a hip roof that has overhanging bracketed eaves. It is dominated by a tall square tower at its southwest corner with an open top level whose openings are flanked by Tuscan columns. The tower is topped by a tiled shallow-slope pyramidal roof. Its base is of rusticated stone, with arched openings leading to the building entrance. The building windows are set in round-arch openings, and the corners have brick quoining. The building is shaped as a cross, with a copper dome at the center, and there is a secondary entrance sheltered by a copper hood. The bottling house is a smaller structure located just south of the spring house, its entrance featuring Tuscan columns and pilasters supporting an entablature.</p><br>
<p>The Poland Spring resort achieved renown for its waters in the mid-19th century, and in 1876 the great Poland Spring House (destroyed by fire a century later) was built to cater to resort visitors taking its waters. Run by generations of the Ricker family, Edward P. Ricker in 1903 conceived of the idea of bottling the spring waters. He worked with Harry Wilkerson, a Poland native working as an architect in Washington, DC to draft the plans for the bottling plant and spring house, which were completed in 1907.</p><br>
<p>The Bethel Village Historic District encompasses the historic core of the village of Bethel in the town of Bethel, Vermont, USA. The L-shaped district extends along Main and Church Streets, including many of the village&#39;s commercial and civic buildings, as well as a significant number of 19th and early 20th-century residences. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976, and was slightly enlarged in 1990.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The small town of Bethel is located roughly midway between White River Junction and Montpelier in the White River valley of central southern Vermont. Its main village is located near the confluence of the Third Branch White River with its main branch, and has historically been focused on the water power provided by a set of falls on the Third Branch. The town was chartered in 1779, and a sawmill and gristmill were built at the falls soon afterward. The community soon grew as a small industrial center, and as a stop on the stage road that ran along the river (now roughly Vermont Routes 12 and 107 in this area). It was further enhanced in importance by the arrival of the railroad in 1849. A major fire destroyed a portion of its downtown in 1877, resulting in the construction of new, more fire-resistant buildings. In the late 19th century, the village benefited from the nearby granite extraction industry, which supplied stone for some major buildings in the eastern United States. The village declined during the Great Depression, with fires again destroying portions of the downtown in 1938 and 1945.</p><br>
<p>The historic district extends along Main and Church Streets (both marked VT 12) in an L-shaped configuration extending from River Street (where VT 107 bends west across the river) to Pleasant Street (where VT 12 continues north). The district extends for short distances along North Main Street (beyond the Church/Main intersection) and along River Street, where it extends to the bridge carrying that road across the White River. The Main Street portion of the district is characterized by commercial buildings, with a focused cluster of 19th-century two and three-story commercial buildings shortly before the Church Street intersection. Municipal buildings are found on the east side of Main Street near that junction, and several churches line Church Street across the river along with a number of residences. The district is architecturally diverse, reflecting styles from the early 19th century to the early 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The former Spirit Lake Public Library is located in downtown Spirit Lake, Iowa, United States. The Civic Improvement Association started a library in a rented commercial building downtown in 1901. The initial collections were acquired through Iowas traveling library system. A referendum to support a public library was passed in 1904, which made a grant from the Carnegie Corporation of New York possible. Spirit Lakes application was accepted for a grant for $8,000 on February 1, 1905. The search for a lot for the building delayed construction. The library was dedicated on September 24, 1912. The single-story brick structure was built on a raised basement, and features vaguely Tudor Revival elements. The center frontispiece and the tall windows give it a sense of verticality. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980. The public library has subsequently been relocated into a new building, and the historic building has been converted into commercial space.</p><br>
<p>Raine Island Beacon is a heritage-listed beacon at the eastern end of Raine Island, Shire of Cook, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1844 by convicts. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Ships bound north from Australia to Asia generally took the Outer Passage before turning west through the Great Barrier Reef to Torres Strait. As the area was notorious for shipwrecks, the beacon was built in 1844 to assist navigation. The beacon was built mostly of local materials: coral limestone quarried on site; shells burned to make lime for mortar; and timber from the Martha Ridgway which was wrecked nearby in 1842. Though serving as a landmark for shipping and used by crews, the beacon soon became obsolete after the northern passage was discovered. In 1890 the JT Arundel Company began mining guano on Raine Island, with a workforce of 100 Chinese. Their extensive quarries are evident over much of the island, though there is little sign of the former jetty, buildings, tramway and locomotive. The most obvious gravesite, which is marked by a tombstone, is that of Annie Eliza Ellis who died in 1891. No commercial activity is known to have occurred since 1892, though the beacon tower has been used unofficially for conveying messages, as seen in hundreds of inscriptions on the inner walls. Raine Island, with its beacon, quarries and tombstone, remains a principal wildlife habitat, while dominated by the convict-built beacon.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Raine Island Beacon is a substantial structure about 12 metres high with a base diameter of 9 metres, and is visible for 13 nautical miles. Constructed of good quality coral limestone trimmed to produce a continuous curve inside and out, its cylindrical form decreases in diameter in four steps upwards and is topped by a crenellated parapet. A lightning conductor of wrought copper is fitted from top to bottom of the east face. The only opening in the walls is a semi-circular arched doorway surmounted by the standard inscription VR and date: 1844. Two inscribed stone plaques inserted into the wall above the keystone are illegible due to erosion. The interior originally comprised three levels of wooden floors which were reached by ladders and topped by a dome of timber ribs covered with canvas.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Raine Island Beacon was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Constructed as early as 1844, the Raine Island Beacon served briefly as an aid to navigation and a shelter for shipwrecked sailors, and is one of the oldest and most significant structures remaining in Queensland. Its associations with northern navigation and maritime transport, as well as the penal system and island industry are reflected in the fabric of the structure and site.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>As an early navigation aid built of masonry on an isolated coral cay, the beacon is unique in form and context.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>As an early navigation aid built of masonry on an isolated coral cay, the beacon is unique in form and context.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>It remains a landmark structure, and has an aesthetic appeal generated by its rustic materials, early workmanship, derelict nature, and dramatic, isolated ocean setting.</p><br>
<p>Lake Amanda is a private lake in Tyler County, Texas, near the town of Colmesneil, that along with its sister Frog Pond, were developed in the 1950s and 1960s by James Haralson from his family&#39;s old homestead. The lake was named after Haralson&#39;s daughter. The lots surrounding the lake were originally designed as fish camps where families could come to camp, fish, and enjoy the outdoors. Today some people call the lake home full-time, others are there enjoying their retirement, and others just visit as a weekend get-away.</p><br>
<p>Lake Amanda has a surface area of approximately 112 acres and a normal water elevation of 210.</p><br>
<p>The earthfill dam is located at coordinates 30.889, -94.400, southeast of the town of Colmesneil. The spillway is constructed as a rectangular box culvert situated vertically near the dam, and it can be adjusted to raise or lower the level of the lake. It empties into Lively Branch, then into Wolf Creek, and ultimately into B.A. Steinhagen Reservoir.</p><br>
<p>On Friday, May 27, 2016, the Colmesneil area received a reported 14 inches of rainfall in one afternoon, raising the level of the lake several feet, until the water started spilling over the earthen dam, which in turn caused massive erosion. Within a couple of hours, a catastrophic failure of the dam was the result, with a ±100 foot section of the dam washed downstream. The flooded lake emptied its contents downstream in less than two hours. The aforementioned Frog Pond lake has a horizontal concrete spillway a few feet lower than its earthen dam, the capacity of which prevented the water level there from spilling over the dam itself.</p><br>
<p>The Spirit Lake Massacre Log Cabin, also known as the Gardner Log Cabin, is located in Arnolds Park, Iowa, United States. Rowland Gardner had led a group of settlers into the region in 1856, and he built this cabin in July of that year. On March 8, 1857, a band of renegade Wahpekuta Sioux who had been alienated from the tribal structure attacked the Gardner family and other settlers in the immediate areain an incident known as the Spirit Lake Massacre. Led by Inkpaduta, the band of outlaws raided both Indians and white settlers for a period of about 30 years.</p><br>
<p>The massacre accelerated the US governments removal of the remaining Sioux from Iowa and Minnesota, and it slowed the rate of settlement in the region for a period of time. The raid actually began in another cabin, but this cabin gained notoriety because Gardners 13-year-old daughter Abagail survived the attach, was taken captive, and was later ransomed by the Yankton Sioux. Abbie Gardner-Sharp published an account of the massacre, and was able to gain possession of the cabin that she ran as a museum. The state erected a monument to the victims near the cabin in 1895. After Gardner-Sharp died in 1921 the state of Iowa acquired the property and the state historical society continues to operate the cabin as a museum. The cabin was a setting of MacKinlay Kantor&#39;s novel Spirit Lake (1961). It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<p>Stonyville Township, Water Race and Cemetery is a heritage-listed mining camp at Mareeba Mining District, Palmer, Shire of Cook, Queensland, Australia. It was built from the 1870s to. It is also known as Stony Creek Township, Stonyville Water Race, and Stonyville Cemetery. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Stony Creek is one of a number of tributaries of Sandy Creek, in the Limestone district south of the Palmer River, that were subjected to a major rush and intensive alluvial mining by Chinese prospectors following James Venture Mulligan&#39;s discovery of gold in Sandy Creek in 1874. The alluvial gravels yielded fine gold for several years.</p><br>
<p>It is not recorded when prospecting first commenced in Stony Creek but presumably in the gold rush of 1874. A township developed on the southern side of a wide bend in the creek and in 1882 Len Yue had the hotel, John McLean and Sam Marris had butcher shops, and there were several Chinese stores. By September 1896 when the Government Geologist, Robert Logan Jack, passed through "Stony Creek Township" on his way from Groganville to the Palmer, he noted:"... there are now only four inhabited houses in the street, and a few huts around, all occupied by Chinese. The chief feature of Stony Creek is a huge outcrop of micaceous quartzite-schist....There is a remarkable water-race on the right bank of the creek, which must have cost, inparts at least &pound;500 per mile. The quartzite-schist crosses the creek again and again".The water race is evidence of Chinese alluvial mining in the area and of the construction skills that had been developed. Prior to the arrival of the Chinese on Stony Creek in large numbers, the European prospectors are reported to have obtained "fantastic amounts" of alluvial gold. Later, the Chinese were reported to be "particularly strong" on Stony Creek. Hence their continuing presence at the time of Jack&#39;s visit in 1896 and their cemetery. It is presumed the area was abandoned in the first decade of this century.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The township and cemetery occupy a cleared flat on a horseshoe bend of Stony Creek. A haulage road has recently been driven through the centre of the township to a large area of surface workings that scour the hillside to the north-west of the creek. Evidence of structures in Stony Creek township is now largely archaeological and includes stone surfaces, rock-lined borders and stone cooking places in scattered and disturbed condition. There are two small groups of mango trees.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery is situated immediately adjacent to the township on the north-west. Cemetery boundaries have recently been assumed with the erection of four corner posts. The area was covered with long grass at the time of survey and only two disturbed arrangements of stones, which may form the perimeter of the cemetery, were evident. The cemetery is reported to contain the foot stones of 15 graves. Two grave markers are reported to have been removed for "safe-keeping" by the Palmer River Historic Preservation Society.</p><br>
<p>The water race extends for about 1000m along the northern and eastern banks of Stony Creek. For most of its length the race consists of a 1m to 2m wide channel partially cut into bed-rock and raised on a rubble and earth aqueduct up to 6 m above the creekbed. Several short sections contain packed stone retaining walls 1m to 2.4m in height. The race is cut through bed rock for about 20 m through a gorge. The race terminates at an area of past alluvial workings adjacent to Stonyville township.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Stonyville Township, Water Race and Cemetery was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The place is significant in Queensland&#39;s history for illustrating the pattern of Chinese settlement and alluvial mining operations in a rugged and remote area of North Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The archaeologically intact combination of water race, stone dams, creek alluvial workings, township site and cemetery is unique and the best surviving example of this type of place in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The archaeologically intact combination of water race, stone dams, creek alluvial workings, township site and cemetery is unique and the best surviving example of this type of place in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The archaeologically intact combination of water race, stone dams, creek alluvial workings, township site and cemetery is unique and the best surviving example of this type of place in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The place exhibits strong visual qualities.</p><br>
<p>The Iowa Lakeside Laboratory Historic District is a nationally recognized historic district located north of Milford, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991. The historic district is part of a campus that provides science classes and research opportunities for university students.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Iowa Lakeside Laboratory was established in 1909 by three professors from the University of Iowa: Thomas Macbride, Bohumil Shimek, and Samuel Calvin. Their plan was to provide to all students "&#39;competent to enjoy the laboratory</p><br>
<p>method of instruction&#39;; to instruct teachers in both academies of higher learning and in high schools so that they were better prepared to educate children in schools; and to provide a laboratory where graduate students and scholars could pursue advanced research." The facility is the "earliest and one of the most important research and educational institutions associated with the conservation movement."</p><br>
<p>The first 5 acre on West Okoboji Lake was purchased by the University of Iowa Alumni Association who set up a private stock company, the Lakeside Laboratory Association, because the university itself was legally prevented from establishing "branch" campuses. In addition to the buildings the district includes about 60 acre of open land to the north and northeast of the building complexes. It is a combination of meadows, marshes, and bogs that have been used in experiments and research projects over the years, and it is considered integral to the historic field laboratory setting.</p><br>
<p>Iowa Lakeside Laboratory continues to function under the direction of the Iowa Board of Regents. The facility is located on a campus that has grown to 147 acre.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Contributing buildings include five stone laboratories, a bathhouse, four stone cottages, and the main cottage. The entrance portals are the historic structure. They were built between 1936 and 1937 in the Rustic style by the Civilian Conservation Corps. The historic buildings are distributed across the facilitys three areas: the main laboratory complex, the main living/dining quarters, and the lakeshore area. The noncontributing buildings include a classroom building, a modern laboratory building, a storage building, a library, ten wood-frame cottages, the managers residence, a garage/shop, the dining hall, a converted boathouse, Dodd Cottage, faculty housing, and a modern bathhouse. They were built from the 1960s to the 1980s.</p><br>
<p>Collingwood Water Race is a heritage-listed aqueduct at Monkhouse Timber Reserve, Rossville, Shire of Cook, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1902 to 1906. It is also known as Annan River Company Water Race. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 13 April 2006.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Construction of the Collingwood Water Race commenced in 1902 for the Collingwood Company but was halted within the year. The project was re-commenced and completed in 1905-1906 for the Annan River Company. On completion, the race was 11 km in length. The purpose of this project was to enable sluicing of tin bearing deposits on the northern face of Mount Walker in the Annan River Tin field.</p><br>
<p>During the 1870s gold dominated mining activity in northern Queensland and few prospectors were interested in base metals. However, in the late 19th century there was a general shift in North Queensland exploration and development activity towards tin, lead, silver and copper. Tin mining was particularly attractive as it employed mining and crushing techniques similar to those used for gold. Tin was first worked commercially in North Queensland by the Chinese. Probably as early as the wet season of 1876-7 and certainly by 1878, declining gold yields had encouraged Chinese miners to test the tin deposits on Granite Creek and Cannibal Creek, southeast of Maytown.</p><br>
<p>Tin discoveries in 1880 on the banks of the Wild River led to the development of Herberton and from here fossickers fanned out reporting new finds every year. Discoveries were made at locations nearby throughout the 1880s, then Charles Ross discovered tin in 1885 at Mount Amos, south of Cooktown, and then at Mounts Hartley, Leswell and Romeo on the upper Annan River. North of Cooktown tin sluicing commenced on the Annan River in 1885, and a small rush followed in 1886.</p><br>
<p>For a few years, the rugged country of the Annan River&#39;s upper waters was able to sustain a small but vibrant tin mining industry, with lucrative tin deposits obtained directly from underground lodes, or from the creek beds and banks by sluicing in the fast flowing streams. However, this was labour-intensive and dangerous work. In addition, high cartage rates on stores was a drawback to tin mining in the district.</p><br>
<p>As the accessible deposits were exhausted along the lower banks of the creeks, miners turned to the more difficult extraction of tin bearing deposits of sand and gravel from the higher terraces of the creek banks. This form of mining demanded alternative sources of water to that of the creeks below. The higher terraces could only be worked economically by bringing in water from a higher point, which then could be used to wash off the alluvial overlying the tin-bearing wash by carrying it over the face of the banks. This process necessitated expensive outlay in the construction of races to procure water for operations. Races fed water into pipes, which narrowed into a nozzle which forced water out into a strong stream. This was then used to blast the overburden down into the river or the tin-bearing wash down into the creek.</p><br>
<p>The most impressive of these structures was the Annan River Company&#39;s water race. Construction had commenced in 1902 for the Adelaide-based Collingwood Company, which planned to divert water from the southern face of Mount Walker over a distance of 11 km to its leases on the northern face of the mountain. Nearly 40 men were employed on the construction. However, the Collingwood Company quickly ran out of working capital and construction ceased. A Melbourne-based company, the Annan River Tin Mines Company NL, resurrected the project in 1905, commencing work on 22 November. More than 150 men were employed to erect fluming over valleys and to construct a road up the range. In one place the race was tunnelled through a hill. Completion of the project in 1906 enabled the Annan River Company to commence sluicing on the former Collingwood leases and at Mount Leswell. Hydraulic sluicing began in January 1907 with water coming from the head of Parrot Creek.</p><br>
<p>However, in 1909 the Annan River Company withdrew and for some years the race was let on tribute to four miners: D Francis, M Davies, F Trevorrow and R Yeatman.</p><br>
<p>Floods damaged the race in 1910 and in 1911-12 the Annan River Company spent £14,000 installing new sluicing boxes and repairing the race and fluming. Operations were successful in 1913 after sluicing commenced on 13 January, treating 35,000 cubic yards of earth from the Collingwood face for 23.5 tons of tin valued at £2,967 and 33,500 cubic yards of earth from the Daly face yielded 32 tons of tin valued at £3,884.</p><br>
<p>Sluicing took place for about five months each year. A new sluicing plant and pump were installed in 1914, along with 1,830m of 50 cm diameter spiral riveted pipes. A sawmill was set up on site to cut timber for the race. Shortage of water prevented continuous operations in 1915 and because of falling tin prices and lack of labour the whole of the plant was dismantled in September 1916 and removed to Cooktown.</p><br>
<p>Extensive repairs to the race were undertaken in 1917 and following bushfires in 1918, 5,500 feet of timber was used to repair the damage. Seven and a half tons of tin was obtained in 1918, but lack of labour was a problem for future operations. In 1919 the race was diverted to the Winifred United Claim but only 19cwt of tin was produced from 800 tons of dirt.</p><br>
<p>A cyclone in 1920 caused extensive damage to the race, necessitating the renewal of 3,050m of timber at a cost of £700. Sluicing commenced on 20 March 1920 and continued until the water ran out on 11 August 1920. Twelve tons of tin were obtained in this period. The Collingwood leases were then let on tribute again, but in 1921 the tunnel through the hill collapsed due to heavy rain.</p><br>
<p>The Annan River Company sold out to J Kerr, J Baker and R Yeatman in September 1921. The new owners spent four months repairing the race. However production was declining year by year and there was little activity after 1923.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>During its operation, the water race extended from an intake dam near the head of Parrot Creek, northward around the western side of Mount Walker, to sluicing faces south of Rossville, a distance of approximately 11 km by map. The length of surviving race is approximately 8 km.</p><br>
<p>In 2005, the Collingwood Water Race was located and surveyed in three sections: near its start point; at its midpoint high on the south-western slopes of Mount Walker above Shipton&#39;s Flat; and at its lower end on the north-western slopes of Mount Walker. All of the surveyed sections of the race were covered with medium to dense rainforest.</p><br>
<p>The race now comprises on average a 1m deep ditch about 1.8m in width with a 2m wide bank on the downhill side made up of the excavated material - earth and small rocks. However, in some places the ditch is up to 2 metres deep. Sections where the race crosses gullies have been bridged with timber fluming. In the surveyed sections a number of the timber upright supports for the fluming remain standing, but no fluming has survived.</p><br>
<p>There is also evidence of the use of explosives during construction and/or maintenance of the race in the form of blasting scars on rock faces along the race.</p><br>
<p>In the midsection of the race (north of Shipton&#39;s Flat) there is some evidence of stone pitching.</p><br>
<p>A second race of slightly smaller dimensions is constructed a consistent 20m below the main race to catch overflow or seepage.</p><br>
<p>While the intake point at the head of Parrot Creek was not surveyed, approximately 600 metres north-west the race passes through a bedrock tunnel situated in dense rainforest. The form of the race changes into a deep cutting at the tunnel entrance, about 15 metres long and three metres deep. The section of tunnel that remains intact is about 30 metres long, 1.5 metres wide and 1.2 metres high. A rectangular shaft, presumably an air intake shaft, marks the point at which the tunnel has become blocked and is impenetrable. Further along the race to the west, sections of the tunnel have collapsed entirely.</p><br>
<p>The lower end of the race was recorded at a point about 60 m past where it is crossed by a four-wheel drive track on the northern side of Mount Walker. Evidence of the race close to Rossville is indiscernible and either has been obliterated or was never constructed formally, as the natural contour of the hillside would have taken the water down to the sluice face.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Collingwood Water Race was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 13 April 2006 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Collingwood Water Race is significant in Queensland&#39;s history as one of the longest water races recorded in North Queensland. It was constructed in 1902 and 1905-1906 to enable sluicing of tin bearing deposits on the northern face of Mount Walker in the Annan River Tin Field. The Collingwood Water Race is important in demonstrating the evolution of early 20th century tin-mining practices in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The Collingwood Water Race is the only Queensland race recorded which was constructed with a second race below to catch overflow. The extent of the race (originally 11 km in length, now 8 km surviving) is unusual also, most races being of much shorter lengths.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The water race is representative of practices used for the extraction of base metal resources in north Queensland and is significant as an early example of the effort, both manual and financial, that was applied to mine base metals in a remote location reliant on seasonal rains. Many of the principal characteristics of the race survive, including the two channels or ditches (surviving for close to its original 10 km extent), excavated material forming banks on the downhill side of the race, evidence of blasting along the sides of the race, a rock tunnel, a ventilation shaft to the tunnel, stone pitching, and remnant flume supports and fluming.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Natural and cultural landscape values combine along the route of the water race from its head on Parrot Creek to its end point on the northern face of Mount Walker above the Rossville town site, engendering aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Gordon&#39;s Mine and Mill is a heritage-listed mine at Iron Range, Shire of Cook, Queensland, Australia. It was built from to 1950s. It is also known as Iron Range Mine and Mill. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 13 December 2002.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In early 1934 Jack Gordon prospected the Iron Range locality from the Packers Creek field near Portland Roads. In June he followed a gold trail up a tributary of Gordon Creek, a branch of the Claudie River, and discovered what was later called the Iron Range Reef.</p><br>
<p>Within two years, the region was a hive of activity with 45 men working along an 8 km strip. Although the original ore was shipped and railed to the Venus battery at Charters Towers for treatment, the Iron Range mill was in full operation by November 1936 after a Huntington mill was erected by Jack Gordon at the mine following great difficulties in transportation. This was soon followed by crushing machines on the Golden Gate and Scarlet Pimpernel leases. In 1938 the Iron Range mill operated for most of the year; a cyanide plant was installed and 29 men were employed.</p><br>
<p>Gordons Reef outcrops on top of a steep ridge and the main tunnel was driven to cut the ore body approximately 57m below the ridge. Up to 1939, development work consisted of numerous tunnels and drives, which officially yielded 2,005 ounces of gold from 210 tons of ore. Between 1938 and 1956, the Mines Department annual reports indicate that a total of 10,428 tons of ore was crushed from the Iron Range and yielded 4,525 ounces of bullion gold and 122 ounces of fine gold. Although the vast majority was derived from Gordons mine, some of the returns may relate to the surrounding leases.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The place is located in an area of dense regrowth rainforest on a hillslope descending to a tributary of Gordon Creek. Access tracks intersect the site on two levels. There are three mine adits on the upper level. The middle adit, or main tunnel, has caved at its entrance. An air receiver is located at the entrance to the main tunnel.</p><br>
<p>The mill with most of the surviving plant is located either side of the lower access track. Components include, a building site benched into the hillside which contains several surviving bush timber shed uprights and the body of a Roots blower. The lower track passes through the middle of the mill site which contains a partly intact and badly corroded Huntington mill on a concrete base, and a suction gas producer with associated concrete engine mounts. A series of large corrugated iron cyaniding tanks are located along the creek bank below the mill. Remains of at least five cyanide tanks are evident together with a small concrete structure which appears to be a retort flue.</p><br>
<p>Surviving plant includes:</p><br>
<p>Huntington mill - Manufactured by Babcock & Wilcox Ltd. Regent Park N.S.W.</p><br>
<p>Gas producer - no brand (No. 8890)</p><br>
<p>Roots blower (not in situ) - No 1 Roots Blower Alldays & Ions Ltd Birmingham England.</p><br>
<p>Air receiver - no brand.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Gordon&#39;s Mine and Mill was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 13 December 2002 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Gordons mine and mill is significant for demonstrating the material evidence of a successful 1930s mineral exploration and development project that resulted in the support of gold mining operations over a period of twenty years in difficult rainforest terrain on northern Cape York Peninsula.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The milling plant remaining on site is now very rare in North Queensland: the Huntington mill is one of only two recorded in North Queensland, while the Roots blower is the only one recorded in association with a North Queensland mining place.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The surviving plant and archaeology of the site demonstrate quartz mining and milling processes in a tropical rainforest, and rainforest regrowth.</p><br>
<p>Palmer River Gold Company Dredge is a heritage-listed dredge on the Palmer River at Strathleven, Palmer, Shire of Cook, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1930 to. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 17 June 2003.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Palmer River Gold Company N.L., a Cairns company, took up ground along the Palmer River between Frome and Strathleven and carried out dredging operations between 1926 and 1935. The company originally estimated that 2.6 million cubic metres of auriferous material (rocks bearing gold) was available but after four years work it was found that the yields were less than 25% of the anticipated values. A total of 3,584 ozs of gold was won during this period. The all-steel bucket dredge and pontoon was built by Messrs Chas. Ruwolt Pty Ltd of Richmond, Victoria and shipped to Cooktown then railed to Laura in mid 1930. From there, the dredging plant weighing in total 350 tons was carted by six-wheeled trucks (Morris and Thornycroft) over the Great Dividing Range to Strathleven, a distance of 133 km. The largest portion of the road was made by the company.</p><br>
<p>The dredge was erected under the supervision of Mr William Condron, consulting engineer for Ruwolt Pty Ltd, and Mr Walter Baker, the dredging company&#39;s General Manager. The dredge was capable of treating 50,000 cubic yards per month and had 31 buckets of 5 cubic foot capacity. Dredging operations commenced at the end of December 1930 and were carried on into the wet season. However a photograph in 1932 (John Oxley Library: neg. 31/31) shows the dredge partly submerged and damaged by floodwaters. The date that the dredge ceased operation and was finally abandoned has not been confirmed.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The place contains the pontoon and partly intact superstructure and plant of a steam powered bucket dredge. The dredge which is partly buried under a high sand bar is situated in the middle of the river which is over 400m wide at the site. The pontoon measures 19m by 10m. The total length from the head of the bucket ladder to the end of the stacker is 37m. Ironwork throughout remains in good condition with the exception of the pontoon&#39;s rear plating which has corroded through at water level. All corrugated iron cladding has been removed but the iron frame and decking remains intact.</p><br>
<p>A twin cylinder horizontal steam engine has been removed and now lies alongside. The cog-train drive for the bucket chain remains but the chain now holds only two buckets. The washing trommel, jig mount and a large gravel pump remain in place. The boiler which was mounted on the starboard/right hand side may still be in place under the sand bar covering this area. Items of plant removed and left in the river bed and on the eastern bank include - the engine mount, camshaft, iron chimney section, a winch drum and 13 buckets. The company&#39;s campsite is located on the east bank, 500m north-east of the dredge.</p><br>
<p>The surviving plant includes:</p><br>
<p>Steam gravel pump - W H Allen Son & Co Ld Bedford England Conqueror 14</p><br>
<p>Two-cylinder horizontal steam engine (not in situ) - no brand</p><br>
<p>Superstructure steel beams - Dorman Long & Co Mbro</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Palmer River Gold Company Dredge was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 17 June 2003 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The dredge is significant as rare surviving evidence of contemporary technology for alluvial dredging and gold mining in Australia in the 1920s.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The dredge is significant as rare surviving evidence of contemporary technology for alluvial dredging and gold mining in Australia in the 1920s.</p><br>
<p>It is the earliest surviving steam dredge in Queensland, and possibly in Australia, and is a rare extant example of early dredge construction.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>It is the earliest surviving steam dredge in Queensland, and possibly in Australia, and is a rare extant example of early dredge construction. The dredge&#39;s survival despite more than 60 years annual exposure to the full force of wet season river flooding is a testament to its construction.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement at a particular period.</p><br>
<p>The dredge demonstrates achievements in overcoming considerable access, transport and operational constraints.</p><br>
<p>Mary Watson&#39;s Monument is a heritage-listed memorial at Charlotte Street, Cooktown, Shire of Cook, Queensland, Australia. It was designed and built by Ernest Greenway in 1886. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This monument was erected in 1886 by the citizens of Cooktown to honour Mrs Mary Watson, who perished, along with her infant son and her Chinese employee Ah Sam, from thirst and exposure on one of the islands of the Howick group, northeast of Cooktown, in October 1881.</p><br>
<p>Mary Watson&#39;s tragic death reverberated through far North Queensland. To her contemporaries, she epitomised the self-sacrifice of countless women who were helping to "civilise" the bush, and her youth, her brave struggle to save her infant, and the sad little journal she kept until the end, created an additional pathos and sense of the heroic to her story which captured the public imagination.</p><br>
<p>Mary Watson (née Oxnam) emigrated from England to Maryborough with her parents in 1877, when she was aged 17. Her father took up farm work near Maryborough and Mary established a small private school in town. She closed this in 1879 and took up a position as a governess in Cooktown, but soon opened her own school there. In May 1880, at Christ Church Cooktown, Mary (aged 20) married Captain Robert Watson, who was in partnership with PC Fuller in a beche-de-mer station on Lizard Island, approximately 50 miles northeast of Cooktown. Following the marriage the Watsons moved to Lizard Island, where in 1879 Watson had erected a dwelling and smoke and store-house, and established a small fruit and vegetable garden. Two Chinese men, Ah Sam and Ah Leong, were employed to assist in the house and garden respectively. Mary returned to Cooktown in March 1881 to await the birth of her first child early in June, and was back on Lizard Island with her baby by July.</p><br>
<p>On 1 September 1881 Watson and Fuller took their beche-de-mer boats 200 miles north to Night Island, where they set up an out-station and smoke house, anticipating an absence from Lizard Island of about 6 weeks. Mary was left on the island with her infant son and the two Chinese employees. On 27 September a group of mainland Aborigines arrived at Lizard Island, which, according to oral tradition, contained a sacred site in the approximate vicinity of the beche-de-mer station. Mary Watsons journal reveals that these Aborigines clearly wanted the foreigners to leave the place. It is thought that on 29 September they speared and killed Ah Leong, who was working in the garden approximately quarter of a mile from Mrs Watsons dwelling, although his body was never found. On 30 September they gathered on the beach below the dwelling, dispersed when Mary fired a rifle and revolver, but returned on 1 October and severely wounded Ah Sam.</p><br>
<p>Fearing a further attack and lacking any other means of escape, Mary packed a few belongings, food, water and two paddles into a cut-down iron ship&#39;s tank used for boiling the beche-de-mer, and set off with Ah Sam and the baby on 2 October. By 4 October they had reached a reef, where they remained another day, hoping to sight a passing ship. On 6 October they pulled onto No.1 Howick Island to replenish their fresh water. As Aborigines were camped there, the refugees moved to a reef as soon as the tide was in and on 7 October pulled to No.5 Howick Island which, although it lay along the steamer route, unfortunately lacked fresh water. Too weak to continue, they hoped to attract the attention of a passing ship, but were unsuccessful. Mary kept a brief diary throughout the ordeal. The last entry is dated 11 October:Still all alive. Ferrier very much better this morning. Self feeling very weak. I think it will rain to-day; clouds very heavy; winds not quite so hard.No rain. Morning weather fine. Ah Sam preparing to die. Have not seen him since 9. Ferrier more cheerful. Self not feeling at all well. Have not seen any boat of any description. No water. (Nearly dead with thirst.)Their remains were found by crew from a passing fishing vessel on 19 January 1882 and later were identified by Captain Watson. Watson was still fishing at Restoration Island in late October when informed by a passing vessel that Aborigines had sacked the Lizard Island buildings and that his wife, child and the two Chinese employees were missing. He had returned immediately to Lizard Island, and had been searching for his family since 7 November 1881.</p><br>
<p>Mary Watson&#39;s ordeal and heroism captured the hearts and minds of her contemporaries. On 29 January 1882 a public funeral attended by approximately 650 persons was accorded Mrs Watson, her child and Ah Sam by the citizens of Cooktown, and their remains were buried in the Cooktown Cemetery.</p><br>
<p>The tragedy exacerbated European antagonism toward Aborigines in the Cooktown area. A punitive raid was carried out, but historian Geoffrey Bolton suggests the wrong group of Aborigines were dealt with.</p><br>
<p>In 1885 public subscription was called for a drinking-fountain memorial to Mary Watson, and this was erected with the co-operation of the Cooktown Municipal Council in 1886 at a cost of £165. The memorial was unveiled in February 1886 by Mayor John Davis. It was erected just outside the grounds of the town hall, straddling the stone kerbing and guttering in Charlotte Street. The monument is the work of monumental mason Ernest Greenway of Ipswich, who won the design competition. However, there was later some question over who authorised Greenway to include the name of Edward D&#39;Arcy as the mayor in 1886.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Mary Watson&#39;s monument is situated at the corner of Adelaide and Charlotte Streets, Cooktown, on the edge of the Charlotte Street footpath abutting the road, a little south of, and on the same side of the street as, the Cook Shire Council Chambers. It straddles the stone kerbing and guttering of Charlotte Street, and lacks a formal setting.</p><br>
<p>The structure is of painted concrete, and comprises plinth, square base and octagonal tapering spire. On the plinth the names E Greenway and Ipswich are inscribed. The four faces of the base have insets with two centred and shouldered arches. Floral carved relief are located in the cusp of the shouldered arches and above the two centred arches. The base is surmounted by ogee hood moulds which have a cyma recta profile and tracery below. Working-order water fountains with semi-circular bowls finished in a leaf pattern are located on the north and south faces, and there is an inscribed marble panel on each of the east and west faces. The inscription on the western panel reads:</p><br>
<p>Five fearful days beneath</p><br>
<p>the scorching glare</p><br>
<p>Her babe she nursed.</p><br>
<p>God knows the pangs</p><br>
<p>that woman had to bear,</p><br>
<p>Whose last sad entry showed</p><br>
<p>a mothers care</p><br>
<p>Then - "Near dead with thirst".</p><br>
<p>John Davis Mayor 1886</p><br>
<p>The inscription on the eastern panel is:</p><br>
<p>IN MEMORIAM MRS WATSON,</p><br>
<p>The Heroine of Lizard Island</p><br>
<p>Cooktown North Queensland AD 1881</p><br>
<p>Erected 1886. Edward D&#39;Arcy Mayor. 1885</p><br>
<p>A tapering octagonal spire sits above the base and is finished with an acanthus leaf finial.</p><br>
<p>In recent years work to repair the water pipes to the fountains has necessitated the concrete being cut into, the pipes exposed, and then the concrete repaired. This appears as a narrow vertical incision down the northern face of the monument, from the fountain to the ground.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Mary Watson&#39;s Monument was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Mary Watson&#39;s Monument is significant as an important reminder of the tragedies which accompanied early European settlement in Queensland, and of the lack of communication and understanding between indigenous and non-indigenous peoples during this "frontier" phase of our history.</p><br>
<p>That the memorial does not commemorate Ah Sam, the young Chinese man who perished with Mrs Watson, is evidence of the disjunctive nature of Queensland&#39;s early colonial society, and in the omission, remains a clear illustration of the racist attitudes of the time.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>It is also the only known public monument to an individual woman (other than a head of state) in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>It has heritage value as a good example of its type: a decorative, late 19th century public memorial drinking fountain which encompasses both utilitarian and commemorative functions.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>It has aesthetic value, and makes a pleasing contribution to the historic streetscape of Charlotte Street, Cooktown&#39;s principal thoroughfare.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The place is valued by the Cooktown community for its historical significance, and it is a tourist attraction in the town.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>It has a strong association with Mary Watson, and serves to perpetuate the legend (and mythology) of her death.</p><br>
<p>Cook Shire Council Chambers is a heritage-listed former town hall and now museum at 121 Charlotte Street, Cooktown, Shire of Cook, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1876 to 1877 by Henry J Meldrum and John Sullivan. It was also known as Cooktown Post and Telegraph Office and is now known as Cooktown History Centre. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 8 April 1997.</p><br>
<h2>Cooktown History Centre</h2><br>
<p>Operated by the Cooktown and District Historical Society, the Cooktown History Centre features photographs and displays about the area&#39;s history and culture. Exhibits include the railway, early roads, cyclones and other disasters, early pioneer families and local indigenous people. The Centre also houses archives of local history.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The former Cook Shire Council Chambers was constructed in 1876-77 as Cooktown&#39;s first purpose-built Post and Telegraph Office. Its function changed to that of municipal council offices in 1893, and it has retained this function for over a century.</p><br>
<p>The building is one of the earliest surviving in Cooktown, which was founded in October 1873 as the Endeavour River port for the important Palmer River goldfields. Cooktown developed almost overnight as a port and supply and administrative centre. Within six months of its establishment, the town had 20 restaurants, 12 large and 20 smaller stores, 6 butchers, 5 bakers, 3 tinsmiths, and chemists, fancygoods shops, watchmakers, bootmakers and saddlers; 65 publican&#39;s licenses had been issued for the Cooktown-Palmer River district, with 30 more applied for by April 1874. There was an estimated 3,000 floating population in the town itself, and thousands of men en route to the goldfields. Two Cooktown newspapers were established in 1874, a state school, customs house, court house, and several churches were erected by 1875, and the town was declared a municipality on 5 April 1876. The 1876 census revealed a population of over 9,200 persons on the then extensive Palmer goldfields, and the town of Cooktown had a population of just under 2,200.</p><br>
<p>An unofficial post office was established in Cooktown from 1 January 1874, and became official later in the year. A line for the telegraph from Cooktown to Maytown, 150 miles west on the Palmer goldfields, was opened on 25 April 1876.</p><br>
<p>Tenders for the Cooktown Post and Telegraph Office were called in the last quarter of 1875, but difficulties in letting the contract necessitated the tenders being re-advertised in March 1876. Finally the contract was let in July 1876 to Cooktown contractor Henry J Meldrum, who tendered with a price of £1,940. Meldrum disappeared later in the year, believed drowned, and the work was completed by Cooktown builder John Sullivan in June 1877.</p><br>
<p>At this period, Queensland post and telegraph offices were designed in the office of the colonial architect, FDG Stanley. As colonial architect, Stanley also designed the Cooktown Powder Magazine (1874) and the first wing of the Cooktown Hospital (1879), and in private practice prepared plans for St Mary&#39;s Convent at Cooktown (1888–89) (now James Cook Historical Museum) and the former Cooktown Queensland National Bank (now Westpac Bank Building, Cooktown). When plans were being prepared for the Cooktown Post and Telegraph Office in 1875, Queensland post and telegraph services were still operating independently, the two not amalgamated until 1879, but for economy were likely to be located in the same building. The Cooktown Post and Telegraph Office therefore provided for separate post and telegraph offices and separate residences for the postmaster and telegraph office master, back-to-back in a single, mirror-imaged, timber building. Compared with earlier designs, which were little more than cottages with one room or an enclosed verandah serving as a post or telegraph office, mid-1870s designs provided more generous space for post and telegraph functions. However, the Cooktown building soon proved inadequate for the volume of mail and telegraph services being demanded.</p><br>
<p>If Cooktown had "mushroomed" in the mid-1870s, it positively "boomed" in the 1880s. The Cooktown railway was constructed from Cooktown to Laura between 1884 and 1888, further opening the port to development. By the late 1880s Cooktown had become the important centre not only of a thriving mining district (boosted by the 1887 discovery of tin along the Annan River), but also of pearling, beche-de-mer, and pastoral activity. After 1885, Cooktown was also the main port for Queensland trade with New Guinea. Despite the decline in alluvial output from the Palmer River goldfields from the mid-1880s, and the corresponding decline in the importance of Cooktown as the principal port of Far North Queensland from the early 1890s, by the turn of the century the Cook and Palmer census districts still had a population of just under 6,000, (despite less than 1,300 persons on the Palmer, Coen and Hamilton goldfields) and the municipality of Cooktown retained a population of nearly 2,000.</p><br>
<p>In 1887, a new post and telegraph office was constructed adjacent to the 1876-1877 building, and the office sections of the first building were modified in 1888 as additions to the telegraph masters and postmasters residences. At this time some of the windows in the front (formerly public) rooms of the building were replaced with French doors, and a lattice screen was erected along the front verandah. However, the building remained in use as residences only another four years. Constructed on a former mangrove swamp on land at the base of the ridge running south from Grassy Hill, the site was inundated with water during the wet season and lacked proper drainage. The place was considered unhealthy, and the residences were vacated in 1892.</p><br>
<p>In late December 1892, the 1876-77 post and telegraph building was occupied as the temporary Chambers of the Cooktown Municipal Council, after fire destroyed the adjacent Town Hall on 12 December. The building was taken over permanently by the Municipal Council in March 1893. In 1903 the Cooktown Municipal Council became a Town Council, and remained so until 1932, when it became part of the Shire of Cook. Alterations to the building were undertaken in the 1970s, when a number of internal partitions were removed and the north and south verandahs enclosed. It is not clear whether the kitchen wing and western half of the former residential wing were removed at this time or at an earlier period. The building continued to function as the administrative offices of Cook Shire Council until the shire moved to its new offices at 10 Furneaux Street.</p><br>
<p>In 2016, the building is used as the Cooktown History Centre.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Cook Shire Council Chambers is located on the west side of Charlotte Street, the principal street in Cooktown, on a site that slopes down towards the Endeavour River at the rear. It contributes to the streetscape and forms a visual grouping with the adjacent 1887 Post and Telegraph Office to the north. It is located within a group of culturally significant buildings and civic works, including the adjacent post office and north of this the former Daintree Divisional Boards offices, Mary Watsons Monument (1886) on the nearby road reserve, the stone kerbing and channelling along Charlotte Street (1880s), and on the other side of the street, the former Seagren&#39;s Building (1880s), the former Bank of North Queensland (1892) and the former Queensland National Bank (1892).</p><br>
<p>The building is single-storeyed and constructed in timber supported by round steel columns. The original timber chamferboards remain on the eastern and western faces except where the ends of the southern and northern verandahs have been enclosed with a fibrous cement material. Although the building has undergone some alteration its original T-shaped plan form with surrounding verandah is still evident. There have been some extensions in the north west corner, and the kitchen wing and the western half the original residential wing have been removed.</p><br>
<p>A low pitched hipped roof runs along the front of the building which projects over the verandahs and is supported on timber posts. The verandahs have been enclosed on all but the street elevation. A gable roof, that accentuates the entrance to the building, projects from the centre of the front verandah. Early French doors and double hung windows open onto the front and side verandahs of this section of the building.</p><br>
<p>Running at right angles to the front section of the building is the rear wing which has a hipped roof sitting above the ridge line of the front section of the building. There are enclosed verandahs on the north and south sides of this section. The west elevation consists of a truncated gable running up to the hipped section of the roof.</p><br>
<p>The interior has been adapted for use as the offices of the Council of the Shire of Cook, presently housing the Council&#39;s Administration and Engineering Departments. A number of walls have been removed to create larger spaces but the original layout remains legible. Some walls have been covered in sheet lining material.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Cook Shire Council Chambers was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 8 April 1997 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Cook Shire Council Chambers, constructed in 1876-77 as Cooktowns first purpose-built Post and Telegraph Office, is associated with the early settlement of Cooktown as the port for the Palmer River goldfields, and as such is important in illustrating the pattern of development of Queenslands history. In particular, it survives as an important illustration of colonial government support accorded to the establishment of Cooktown in the 1870s.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>Cook Shire Council Chambers, one of the earliest buildings in Cooktown and one of the few early government buildings to survive, is significant for its rarity value. The only other surviving government buildings of Cooktown&#39;s establishment phase are the Powder Magazine (1875-1876) and the former Cooktown hospital (1879).</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The place is important for its aesthetic contribution to the streetscape along central Charlotte Street, forming a visual grouping with the adjacent 1887 Post and Telegraph Office to the north and other culturally significant buildings and civic works nearby.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The place is significant for its close association with the work of the Cooktown Municipal Council (later the Cooktown Town Council) and with the Cook Shire Council, for over a century.</p><br>
<p>Cooks Monument and Reserve is a heritage-listed memorial at Charlotte Street, Cooktown, Shire of Cook, Queensland, Australia. It was designed in the office of the Queensland Colonial Architect and built by Hobbs and Carter in 1887. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 30 April 1997.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Cook Monument at Cooktown was erected in 1887 by Hobbs and Carter of South Brisbane, to designs prepared in the office of the Queensland Colonial Architect, George St Paul Connolly.</p><br>
<p>Cooktown had been established in September 1873 as the Endeavour River port for the Palmer River goldfields. By the mid-1880s it was serving one of the most significant goldfields in Queensland. A railway was constructed from Cooktown to Laura between 1884 and 1888, further opening the port to development. By the late 1880s Cooktown had become the important centre not only of a thriving mining district (boosted by the 1887 discovery of tin along the Annan River), but also of pearling, beche-de-mer, and pastoral activity. After 1885, Cooktown was also the main port for Queensland trade with New Guinea.</p><br>
<p>In May 1886, the then Premier of Queensland, Sir Samuel Walker Griffith, travelled to Cooktown and other northern ports on a tour of inspection, partly associated with defence issues, more with political strategy. The Separation movement was gaining momentum in Townsville and the far north, and Griffith was keen to demonstrate his governments commitment to, and concern for, northern Queensland. The Cooktown Municipal Council at this time was seeking to commemorate James Cooks encampment at the Endeavour River in the winter of 1770, and it appears that Griffith, as political expediency, committed the Colonial Architect&#39;s office to designing the Cook monument at Cooktown.</p><br>
<p>The Cooktown Municipal Council had intended that the monument include a statue of James Cook, but when tenders were called in June 1886, then again in September 1886 and February 1887 with different materials specified, they were for the column only. In December 1887 Sir Samuel Griffith re-visited Cooktown, and when requested by the mayor to provide assistance in commissioning the statue, refused, stating that it was more important to commemorate the event than the person.</p><br>
<p>The contract had been let in February 1887 to Hobbs and Carter of South Brisbane, with a price of £1,059 and completion time of 8 months. It appears that the memorial was not constructed on the site originally proposed, which necessitated an additional foundation, bringing the final cost to £1,297. The foundation stone was laid on 1 September 1887 by the Mayor of Cooktown, John Savage, and the work had been completed by January 1888. Sandstone used in the construction came from Murphys Creek in southeast Queensland, and it was reputedly the first stone structure erected in Cooktown.</p><br>
<p>Around the monument, a small (1.5 acres) reserve for municipal purposes was gazetted in June 1888. A brick-lined town well, believed to have been built by the Cooktown Municipal Council to service ships berthed at the nearby Cooktown wharves, was constructed in the reserve, south of the monument. This work probably was undertaken post-1888, as the Council filled in much of the Cook Monument Reserve in 1889. A small vertical boiler engine pumped water from the well to the wharves through a 3" diameter pipe. It is understood that the well has also supplied adjacent Charlotte Street businesses from time to time.</p><br>
<p>In the 20th century, several other memorials were erected within the reserve:</p><br>
<p>Kennedy Memorial: a granite cairn erected in 1948 to honour British explorer Edmund Besley Court Kennedy, who was killed by Aborigines on Cape York Peninsula (part of Cook Shire) in December 1848. Kennedy&#39;s exploratory work helped to open far north Queensland to pastoral settlement in the mid-19th century. The memorial was unveiled on 25 September 1948 by the Chair of the Cook Shire Council, Mayor WCH Hodges.</p><br>
<p>National Horse Trail Marker: a small granite cairn erected in August 1977 to mark the beginning of the National Horse Trail from Cooktown to Melbourne, and the epic ride of Dan Seymour, who in the early 1970s demonstrated the feasibility of such a trail. The trail was mapped between 1974 and the 1980s, when it was made a bi-centennial project. Sections are used regularly, but few people have ridden the full distance. The marker was erected by the Australian Trail Horse Riders Association and was unveiled by Henry Tranter, President of the Tablelands Trail Horse Riders Club.</p><br>
<p>Annan River Water Supply Memorial Fountain: in 1989 the old town well on the reserve was cleaned out and a fountain constructed over it to commemorate the inauguration in November 1989 of a new permanent water supply from the Annan River to Cooktown. The Annan River pipeline was a joint federal, state and local government project, replacing Cooktown&#39;s previous water supply from the bore fields on the southern outskirts of the town.</p><br>
<p>1803 Cannon: There is now located in the reserve a cannon cast in 1803 in Carron, Scotland, and bearing the royal monogram GR. During the height of the "Russian invasion" scare of 1885, the Cooktown Municipal Council telegraphed to the Premier of Queensland, requesting him to supply arms, ammunition and an officer to take charge of the Cooktown volunteer defence force. This cannon was sent, along with 3 cannonballs, 2 rifles and 1 officer. Initially the cannon was located on the foreshore near the Cooktown Powder Magazine on Webber Esplanade, overlooking the entrance to Cooktown Harbour on the Endeavour River estuary. It is fired once a year as part of the annual Cook&#39;s landing re-enactment celebrations.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Cook&#39;s Monument is situated in a small reserve located between Charlotte Street and the Endeavour River estuary, on a slight rise adjacent to the site where James Cook beached the barque Endeavour for repairs in mid-1770. The reserve is grassed, with palms and mature trees around the perimeter.</p><br>
<p>The monument comprises a tall, slender sandstone column, topped with a detailed capital, which rises from a square pedestal resting upon a granite base and plinth. The steps of the plinth lead to a square dado incorporating drinking fountains on each side. These fountains were once linked to a regular water supply, and the water outlets emerge from the mouths of sculpted animal heads. The dado is set beneath a modest entablature and the pediment is flanked by sandstone urns at each corner.</p><br>
<p>To the north of the Cook Monument is the 1803 cannon sent in 1885 to Cooktown by the Queensland colonial government, for the use of the local volunteer defence force. It stands on a concrete platform. Adjacent to the gun is an interpretative sign.</p><br>
<p>To the south of the Cook Monument, but within the same reserve, are three more recent memorials and the early town well:</p><br>
<p>Kennedy Memorial: a conical-shaped granite cairn, approximately 1.2m high, resting on a concrete base, with an embossed brass plaque in the face addressing Charlotte Street.</p><br>
<p>National Horse Trail Marker: a simple granite cairn or marker approximately.5m high, conical in shape, with an embossed brass plaque in the face addressing Charlotte Street.</p><br>
<p>Annan River Water Supply Memorial Fountain and Early Town Well: The fountain comprises a series of metal water pipes constructed over an early, brick-lined town well. The well has a diameter of 23 feet at ground level, from which the shaft is bricked down 16 feet to a 4 feet 6 inches wide ledge, after which it narrows to 14 feet diameter, and is bricked down a further 8 feet 4 inches, at the bottom of which are granite slabs. In the wall of the upper shaft are two arched entrances, now filled in with rubble, leading to underground spider channels or aqueducts which formerly fed the well with storm water run-off, in addition to the ground water from below. Formerly there were three cross-logs let into the walls near the top, for roof joist supports. Adjacent to the well was a tank stand with engine and boiler beneath. Water was pumped form the well to the tank, then from the tank to the wharves via a galvanised pipe along the foreshore.Above the bricks are several courses of cement blocks, topped by a metal railing added in 1989 as part of the conversion to a fountain. The capacity of the well is approximately 47,000 gallons.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Cooks Monument and Reserve was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 30 April 1997 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Cooks Monument and Reserve is significant historically for its commemoration of Cooks encampment below Grassy Hill, at the mouth of the Endeavour River, in mid-1770 - the first official British sojourn on the east coast of Australia. The place is significant also as Queenslands earliest memorial to James Cook and the crew of the Endeavour, and illustrates Cooktowns early developed sense of historical importance.</p><br>
<p>The site contains an early brick-lined town well, which is important in illustrating the establishment of municipal services in early Cooktown.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The monument is a fine example of its type and one of the finest sandstone public memorials in Queensland. It is also an excellent example of the work of the Queensland colonial architect&#39;s office under George St Paul Connolly.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Its aesthetic setting within a grassy, treed reserve contributes significantly to the townscape of Cooktown, and from the Endeavour River estuary is a Cooktown landmark.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association for the people of Cooktown with their sense of historical identity. A number of other memorials have been placed in the reserve, illustrating this continued association.</p><br>
<p>Cooktown Cemetery is a heritage-listed cemetery at Charlotte Street, Cooktown, Shire of Cook, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1874 to 1920. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 8 April 1997.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Cooktown Cemetery, with over 3,000 burials, has been in continuous use since soon after the town was established in October 1873. Although gazettal was not until mid-1875 the site was used earlier; the oldest marked grave is that of Rev. Francis Tripp, an Anglican clergyman who died at Cooktown on 20 May 1874. Cemetery records date from 1875, with approximately 1830 burials recorded in the period 1877 to 1920. The colourful mix of nationalities and religions evident in these records and in the cemetery itself reflect the nature of Cooktown in the late 19th and early 20th centuries as the Endeavour River port for the Palmer River goldfields.</p><br>
<p>Cooktown "mushroomed" in the mid-1870s as a port and supply and administrative centre. Within six months of its establishment in October 1873 there were 20 restaurants, 12 large and 20 smaller stores, 6 butchers, 5 bakers, 3 tinsmiths, and chemists, fancygoods shops, watchmakers, bootmakers and saddlers, conducting businesses in the town; 65 publican&#39;s licenses had been issued for the Cooktown- Palmer River district, with 30 more applied for by April 1874. There was an estimated 3,000 floating population in the town itself, and thousands of men en route to the goldfields. Large numbers of Chinese made their way to the Palmer goldfields via Cooktown in the period 1873-77, and Chinese storekeepers were amongst the earliest to establish businesses in Cooktown. Two Cooktown newspapers were established in 1874, a state school, customs house, court house, post office and several churches were erected by 1875, and the town was declared a municipality on 5 April 1876. The 1876 census revealed a population of over 9,200 persons on the then extensive Palmer goldfields, and the town of Cooktown had a population of just under 2,200.</p><br>
<p>In the 1880s Cooktown business "boomed". A railway was constructed from Cooktown to Laura between 1884 and 1888, further opening the port to development. By the late 1880s it was the centre not only of a thriving mining district (boosted by the 1887 discovery of tin along the Annan River), but also of pearling, beche-de-mer, and pastoral activity. After 1885 Cooktown was also the main port for Queensland trade with New Guinea. Despite the decline in alluvial output from the Palmer River goldfields in the mid-1880s and the corresponding decline in the town&#39;s importance as the principal port of Far North Queensland from the early 1890s, by the turn of the century the Cook and Palmer census districts still had a population of just under 6,000, (despite less than 1,300 persons on the Palmer, Coen and Hamilton goldfields) and the municipality of Cooktown retained a population of nearly 2,000.</p><br>
<p>In the earliest days of Cooktown settlement (the summer of 1873-74), there were a number of burials along the ridge above Charlotte Street, between Banks and Green Streets. When the town was surveyed in April 1874, this burial ground was surveyed as building allotments and roadway, and in the same month the first Cooktown Hospital was erected on some of these blocks. By September 1874 the Hospital Committee, which considered the shallow graves within the hospital grounds and on the adjacent roadway to be a health risk, was urging the colonial government to provide funds to remove the remains to the Cooktown Cemetery, apparently in use at that time although neither surveyed nor gazetted. In reaction to public concern, surveyor James Reid was instructed to formally survey the Cooktown Cemetery, a reserve of 15 acres south of the town near the Two-Mile Creek, and this was completed by early November 1874. What appear to be a number of graves are indicated on the survey plan, suggesting that the cemetery was in use already.</p><br>
<p>The Cooktown Cemetery was proclaimed formally in June 1875 and 5 trustees appointed - one representing each of the principal denominations in Cooktown: Church of England, Roman Catholic, Presbyterian, Hebrew and Wesleyan Methodist. No Chinese person was appointed, despite the high proportion of Chinese resident in Cooktown and surrounding district at this period. During the second half of 1875 the cemetery reserve was fenced (probably in timber) and cemetery gates erected. When the land around the cemetery was surveyed by surveyor Berwick in February 1876 as suburban subdivisions, the cemetery reserve was extended to the east by just over 9 acres, establishing a frontage to the Palmer Road and necessitating a repositioning of the cemetery gates.</p><br>
<p>In 1876 the cemetery was established more formally. From mid-June 1876 a sexton was employed, and timber was purchased for a sexton&#39;s cottage and separate office in the grounds; surveyor Berwick was contracted to lay out the grounds in subdivisions (possibly denominational divisions); and roads were made through the cemetery. In September 1876 cemetery rules and regulations were gazetted.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery appears to have been well maintained during the 19th century. In April 1891 the trustees were commended by the community for improvements to the Cemetery avenue and flower beds, and visitors were warned against allowing dogs into the grounds.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery bears testimony to the diverse nationalities who came to Cooktown and the Palmer goldfields in the late 19th century, and includes the graves of French, Chinese, English, Swedish, Germans and South Sea Islanders. Of particular prominence are the Chinese - mostly gardeners, miners, labourers and storekeepers - who account for approximately one-sixth (about 300) of the burials in the period 1877-1920. It is understood that most Chinese initially interred here were later exhumed and returned to China. The contribution of the Chinese to the development of Cooktown and the Palmer River goldfields in the late 19th century cannot be underestimated. As late as 1901, when the population of the Palmer River goldfield was just 600 persons, 377 of them were Chinese, and Chinese accounted for approximately 7.5% of the population of the Cook and Palmer census districts. Cooktown itself had a substantial "Chinatown" - storekeepers, boardinghouse keepers, restaurateurs – and in 1887 the local Chinese community erected a Shrine in the cemetery to honour their dead.</p><br>
<p>With the decline of Cooktown during the first half of the 20th century, Cooktown Cemetery fell into disrepair. Deliberately-lit grassfires caused considerable damage. Numerous complaints about the condition of the grounds and lack of maintenance prompted the Cook Shire Council in August 1941 to request to the Lands Department that the Council take over trusteeship of the cemetery. The surviving trustees finally tendered their resignations in February 1943, and the cemetery was placed under the control of Cook Shire Council. However, under Council control, responsibility for burials was left for many years to local undertakers, who appear to have worked to two different cemetery layouts, causing considerable confusion. Some community interpretative work has been undertaken in recent years, with a large sign erected at the entrance to the cemetery and several of the more historically significant graves decorated. In the mid-1990s, Cook Shire Council commenced a conservation programme.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery has two graves that are registered by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission as casualties of World War I though they died after end of hostilities in 1918, Privates J.J. Dick (died 24 August 1921, grave in Methodist section) and John Robertson Prentice (died 31 December 1919, grave in Presbyterian section) who both served in the Australian Imperial Force.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Cooktown Cemetery is a 9.72 hectare reserve situated approximately 1.7 km southwest from the centre of town. The reserve fronts the Cooktown-McIvor River Road (formerly the Palmer Road) to the southeast, and gazetted but unmade roads form its northern and southern boundaries. On the west it is bounded by a local government reserve for slaughtering purposes, and on the east by freehold land. There is a prominent, locally devised interpretative sign in front of the reserve.</p><br>
<p>The northern and southwestern portions of the reserve are covered in native vegetation: Melaleuca spp., Eucalyptus spp (principally Bloodwood), Pandanus palms, native gingers and various grasses. A granite outcrop about two-thirds of the distance into the reserve from the Cooktown-McIcvor River Road entrance has restricted most of the 3,000 plus burials to the southern and eastern sections of the reserve. The majority of the marked graves are located in an open, grassed section in the southeast quarter of the reserve. There are some trees in this section, mostly self-sown, but a number of frangipanni - possibly remnants of a tree-lined drive - and coconut palms, appear to be early planting.</p><br>
<p>There is an early cast-iron palisade fence with spearheaded stakes, manufactured by Bayliss Jones and Bayliss of London, along the front boundary of the reserve addressing the Cooktown-McIvor River Road. Early main entrance gates have been removed and replaced by a metal chain. From this entrance a road extends northward, forking in the middle of the reserve. The track to the west terminates at a Chinese Shrine in the middle western section of the reserve, and the other extends to the eastern boundary. These tracks and two secondary pathways divide the cemetery into denominational sections - Roman Catholic, Presbyterian, Church of England, Methodist - and there are also Jewish, Buddhist, Islamic, Aboriginal and "pagan" groupings. The most recent graves, in less distinct denominational groupings, are found along the eastern boundary.</p><br>
<p>The graves in the grassed section of the cemetery are mostly Christian and are aligned roughly east-west, although there are some exceptions, and one faces directly west. Approximately 300 memorials of diverse design, mostly in sandstone or marble and some iron, are scattered through this area. Headstones mostly survive for the social elite and professional classes - the medical, religious and administrative group, along with successful Cooktown merchants, businesspersons and civic leaders. Graves of working people - labourers, carriers, dressmakers, market gardeners, miners - now tend to lie unmarked. Most of the stone memorials were constructed in Brisbane, Townsville or Cairns and shipped to Cooktown, and costs could well have been prohibitive. The surviving headstones and memorials reflect over 120 years of diverse memorial and cultural symbolism and illustrate the work of stonemasons Lowther, J Simmonds, and Hobbs & Carter of Brisbane; Patten Bros of Sydney; Ernest Greenway of Ipswich; and Melrose & Fenwick of Townsville and Cairns. A number of the graves in this section have ornate cast-iron railings, the most elaborate of which is that around the graves of the Sisters of Mercy.</p><br>
<p>Other graves of note include those of Mrs Mary Watson, who died of thirst escaping hostile Aborigines on Lizard Island in 1881; Albert Ross Hovell, a prominent mariner and son of the explorer William Hovell, but known more specifically for his involvement in blackbirding; Elizabeth Jardine, whose husband John founded Somerset on Cape York Peninsula, and whose sons were pioneer cattlemen in Northern Australia; Mother Mary de Sales Meagher, founder of the Sisters of Mercy Convent in Cooktown; Albert McLaren, founder of the New Guinea Mission in 1891; Brinsley Guise Sheridan, police magistrate at Cooktown and Cardwell; Rev. John Hutchinson, first Roman Catholic Bishop of the Vicariate Apostolic of Cooktown; Dr H Kortum, understood to be Cooktowns and Queenslands last German consul; and a 1907 memorial to French mariners who died of yellow fever.</p><br>
<p>To the west of the grassy section is a small grouping of Jewish gravestones and some Aboriginal graves, marked with sapling branches at each corner, and north of these is the Chinese Shrine. Native vegetation has re-established in these areas. A few relict trees, including mangoes, line the main track to the Chinese shrine for a short distance.</p><br>
<p>The Chinese shrine comprises a rectangular concrete platform approximately 6 metres long by 3 metres wide lying in a north-south direction, at the southern end of which, and facing to the north, is an upright concrete memorial tablet, on which are written in large script the Chinese characters Tjin Ju Tsai: "Respect the dead as if they are present". There are two other, smaller, inscriptions on this tablet. That to the right gives the date the shrine was erected: a lucky spring day in the third month of the thirteenth year of the reign of the Emperor Kuang Hsu (1874-1908), Ching dynasty&#39;. On the left the inscription reads: "Erected, with respect, by the Chinese community of Cooktown". In front of this tablet is a low concrete altar, on which food offerings were placed for the spirit of the departed. The platform is enclosed by a concrete edging and an ornate cast-iron railing. Beyond the northern end of the platform and approximately 2 metres away are two ceremonial fire-boxes, constructed of fire bricks rendered with cement. Each is approximately 1.2m with a grate at the bottom. The open tops permitted paper prayers and temple "money" to be burned, assisting the spirits on their journey to a life beyond this world.</p><br>
<p>Northwest of the consecrated ground lie the graves of individuals such as the "Normanby Woman" and, in dense melaleuca scrub beyond this, the grave of Elizabeth Cooper, who drowned in the Endeavour River in August 1874, prior to the cemetery survey. Within this regrowth area is located a clay brick-pitched well, and beyond this a rectangular arrangement of shallow ditches, remnants of an irrigation channelling system purported to be of Chinese origin. The original cemetery survey indicated Chinese gardens adjacent to the Cemetery reserve, along Two-Mile Creek, but none within the reserve, so it is likely that if such a garden was established on the reserve, it was at some period after 1874.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Cooktown Cemetery was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 8 April 1997 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Cooktown Cemetery is important in illustrating the evolution of Queensland&#39;s history - in particular, the unique and multi-cultural history of Cooktown. The place has been in use as a cemetery since 1874, and the several thousand interments provide rare evidence of the diversity of national, ethnic and religious groups which shaped the development of Cooktown and district in the last quarter of the 19th century.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>Also, it is rare as the only identified Queensland cemetery in which a Chinese shrine is erected within the cemetery reserve. This shrine survives as an intact and in Queensland, rare, example of its type.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Cooktown Cemetery offers a unique source of historical information, and also has the potential to reveal important information about the development of Cooktown and its multicultural society, through archaeological investigation.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Cooktown Cemetery survives as a good example of its type, with denominational divisions, Christian graves aligned to the east, and a variety of headstones and monuments illustrating changing public attitudes to commemoration of the dead.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Cooktown Cemetery is significant for its aesthetic qualities, which include the diversity and workmanship of the in situ monuments and cast iron railings, the hilly terrain and tropical vegetation as a backdrop to vistas both within and without the cemetery reserve, and the rustic cast-iron fencing along the front boundary. The Chinese shrine, with its simplicity of form and materials and its setting within a dense re-growth area, is of particular aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>Cooktown Cemetery has a strong association for local residents with the town&#39;s flamboyant history, and is associated with generations of Cooktown families who have contributed to the development and identity of the town and district. It is valued as a strong and unique illustration of the special history of Cooktown, and is considered a major Far North Queensland tourist attraction.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with several notable individuals and families who have contributed to the historical evolution of Cooktown and district and to the mythology associated with pioneering life and the late 19th century goldrush era.</p><br>
<p>The Spiritual Israel Church and Its Army Temple, originally known as the Amity Lodge No. 335 Temple, is a historic building located at 9375 Amity Street in Detroit, Michigan, on the city&#39;s east side. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Amity Lodge No. 335 of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows was established in Detroit in 1880. The Lodge met on the near east side r near the corner of Chene and Croghan Streets, then moved to a location on East Jefferson near Belle Isle. In 1910, the Amity Lodge formed an association with the Island View Temple Odd Fellows Lodge for the purpose of building a permanent temple for the two organizations. The association purchased land in 1910, and in 1911 began construction of what is now the northeast (right-hand) section of the current building. In 1920, an addition was constructed to the building which expanded it to roughly twice the original size. The building was used concurrently by both the Amity and Island View lodges, as well as other Odd Fellows organizations.</p><br>
<p>By the late 1930s, the Amity Lodge shared the building with other fraternal orders, including other Odd Fellows organizations, the Order of Scottish Clans, and the Pere Richard Council 2463 of the Knights of Columbus. The Knights of Columbus made use of the building until 1960, when it was purchased by the Spiritual Israel Church and Its Army.</p><br>
<p>The Spiritual Israel Church and Its Army, a predominantly African American denomination, was founded in Alabama around 1912. The church moved to Detroit around 1923, coinciding with the wave of southern African Americans who came north in the Great Migration. The Detroit congregation was incorporated in 1938, and in the 1940s purchased a building on Hastings Street in Detroit&#39;s Black Bottom. The Hastings Street neighborhood was razed to build I-75 in the late 1950s, and in 1960 the church moved into this building, where they have remained until the current day.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Amity Temple is a massive rectangular four-story building of limestone-trimmed red brick. The front facade has six bays, containing paired door and window openings at ground level. This facade reflects the two stages of construction, with the right-hand half (containing three bays) constructed in 1911 and the left-hand half in 1920. The central bay of the right-hand portion contains the main entry doors, and the section is topped by a classical limestone cornice and limestone-trimmed parapet.</p><br>
<p>Each of the window bays on the lower three stories once contained two large double-hung windows; the upper story bays contained single large three-section windows. All window openings have since been infilled with a stucco-like material, and narrow windows inset into the larger openings.</p><br>
<p>The rear and side walls of the building are plain brick, and like the front facade contains large window openings, later infilled with narrow windows inserted. The fourth story only extends over a portion of the footprint.</p><br>
<p>The Rockland Residential Historic District encompasses a predominantly residential area west of the downtown of Rockland, Maine. With a history dating to the early 18th century, this area includes high quality examples of residential architecture, most dating to the period 1870-1920, and including several fine examples of municipal architecture. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The area that is now Rockland was settled as part of Thomaston in the late 18th century. The citys harbor proved a good shipbuilding location, and the areas limestone were developed as a locally significant lime-burning industry, with kilns lining parts of the shore. The area was incorporated as East Thomaston in 1848, and reincorporated as the city of Rockport in 1854. The city&#39;s commercial heart is located near its waterfront, and the area immediately to the west developed as a prime residential area.</p><br>
<p>The residential historic district is bounded on the east by Union Street, which forms the western boundary of the commercial Main Street Historic District. It is bounded on the north by Talbot Avenue, the south by Masonic, Broad, and Limerock Streets, and the west by Broadway. The area includes a number of fine pre-Civil War houses (typically Greek Revival in style), but its largest building boom began in the mid-1870s, resulting in a significant number of high-quality Second Empire and Italianate houses in the area, which were followed by a wave of Queen Anne buildings. Notable public architecture includes the Knox County Courthouse, and the Rockland Public Library.</p><br>
<p>Deeba Danda is a peak in the Patti Khatli region of Pauri Garhwal district, Uttarakhand, India. It is 2520 metres  high and is a part of the Deeba range, which forms the southern boundary of the Nayar valley.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>Deeba Danda is named after Goddess Deeba, a major goddess of the region (Malla Salan pargana of Pauri Garhwal) whereas Danda in Salani dialect of Garhwali means a high hill. It is believed that Deeba was a living lady centuries before and used to reside at the hilltop. She used to warn the surrounding villagers by giving a loud shout (Dhavadi in Salani dialect of Garhwali language) whenevers Gorkhas and Katyuris attacked, as Deeba Danda offered good views and command over the surrounding low-lying regions due to its strategic position. Thus, people used to get ready to save themselves & their belongings and had ample time to hide. After her death, she became a popular goddess of the region as is common with other folk Gods & Goddesses of Garhwal & Uttarakhand in general. The hill has been called Deeba Danda for centuries and there is a shrine dedicated to the goddess on the peak.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Deeba Danda is located on a flattened mountain-top with great panoramic views of surrounding hills, valleys and the great Himalayas. It is at the middle of Deeba range at an average altitude of 2500 metres, highest point in Patti Khatli. It is surrounded by dense forests of Kharsu, Moru, Anyar, Rhododendrons and other broad-leaved Himalayan tree species along with many herbs, shrubs and creepers many of which possess medicinal qualities. The ridge offers a good and expansive view of Himalayan ranges. From Yamunotri peaks in North-west Garhwal to Trisul range in eastern Garhwal along with several other smaller peaks of Kumaon and Nepal in further east are visible. The dense forests of Deeba ridge which extends 15 to 20 km from West to east are home to numerous Birds and Mammal species.</p><br>
<h3>Climate</h3><br>
<p>Deeba Danda experiences a subtropical highland climate just like other Himalayan and Sub-Himalayan regions. It has a pleasant & cool climate in Summers. Monsoon brings heavy rains and with it comes lush greenery. It gets very cold in winters, heavy snowfall is common. The region receives bright sunshine during winter since the skies are crystal clear in winter.</p><br>
<h3>How to reach</h3><br>
<p>Deeba Danda can be reached after 3 hours of moderate and pleasant trek, starting from Deebakhal. Deebakhal lies at an altitude of 2060 metres (6760 ft) on NH 121. It is at a distance of 80 kilometres from Ramnagar, the nearest railhead and at a distance of 325 kilometres from New Delhi. The shortest and most commonly used route from Delhi is New Delhi - Ghaziabad - Hapur - Moradabad - Kashipur - Ramnagar - Marchula - Dhumakot - Divakhal. From Deebakhal/Divakhal it&#39;s a 3-4 kilometres trek through dense alpine forest and lush green meadows.</p><br>
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<p>The I.O.O.F. Centennial Building is an historic building located at 150 East Chisholm Street in Alpena, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2015. It dates back to 1876 and is “an excellent example of late Victorian commercial architecture.”</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The site was formerly occupied by the first Alpena County Courthouse, destroyed by a fire on December 12, 1870, and is a designated state historic site. Originally known as the Centennial Block or the Hitchcock Block, the building was constructed in 1876 for Samuel E. Hitchcock and his wife, Samantha Hitchcock, two of the first settlers and most prominent citizens of the city of Alpena. The building changed hands multiple times over the next decades, and is now owned by Mike and Kate Phillips. Following their recent acquisition, they launched their successful effort to have the structure included on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>In 1901 it was sold to the local chapter of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows (I.O.O.F. Alpena Lodge No. 170) of which Samuel Hitchcock himself was a member. It adopted its designation of the I.O.O.F. Centennial Building from the society. The Odd Fellows has been headquartered in the buildings third story since late 1876 and occupied it until 1969, when the fraternity was forced to sell its seat due to declining membership and finances. The building was occupied by several I.O.O.F. lodges: Alpena Lodge No. 170, Myrtle Lodge No. 432 (founded in 1893, and merged with the Alpena Lodge in 1926), Canton Alpena No. 31, Thunder Bay Encampment No. 87, and two Rebekah lodges, Primrose No. 364 and Beulah No. 91 (combined together in 1936). The Odd Fellows remained there for 93 years. The building has also housed a variety of professionals, businesses and organizations over the course of its history, including book and music stores, the city library, the Red Ribbon Society (a forerunner of the Womans Christian Temperance Union), and a restaurant. Elizabeth C. Nasons Centennial Book Store occupied the structures first floor from 1881 to 1899.</p><br>
<p>The building has been known by at least seven names: "Hitchcock block" or "Hitchcocks block&quot "Centennial building" or "Centennial block;" "Odd Fellows Hall;" "I.O.O.F. Hall;" and "Odd Fellows Temple."</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The I.O.O.F. Centennial Building stands at three floors, with a basement level, and occupies a triangular lot at the intersection of Chisholm Street, West Washington Avenue and First Avenue, within the city&#39;s central commercial district. Designed by architect William Mirre and built by Fred Ludwig, a local bricklayer, it is one of the oldest existing buildings in downtown Alpena, and a good example of Italianate architecture. As with numerous other wedge-shaped buildings, the phrase "Flatiron" derives from its contour, and specifically its exterior resemblance to a cast iron clothes iron.</p><br>
<p>The structure stands on a "coursed ashlar dressed masonry foundation" and is entirely made of brick, as required by the Alpena fire limit ordinance enacted after the blaze of July 12, 1872 (the largest fire in Alpenas history, which destroyed 15 acres of homes and businesses). The original north and south elevations (respectively seven and five bays wide) are divided into three vertical sections, and feature rusticated piers, quoins, and ornamental hood moldings. The north façade, facing Washington Avenue, contains two ground floor storefronts and is crowned by an elaborate frieze, consisting of two long rectangular panels separated by a projecting pediment. The raised brickwork within the panels spell out CENTENNIAL and 4 JULY 1876 that celebrates Americas century of independence and the year the building was constructed.</p><br>
<p>The building was heavily remodeled by the Odd Fellows in the first decade of the twentieth century. The easternmost bay facing Chisholm Street was added circa 1903 and contains a recessed corner entrance on the first floor, surmounted by an open balcony and by an enclosed brick third story. The protruding addition resembles a prow, and gives the building a distinctive look. The limestone portal that leads to the recessed door features a lintel displaying IOOF in raised letters; the same acronym is displayed in brickwork above the third-story windows, together with a rectangular masonry plaque containing the primary symbol of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows (a three-link chain with the letters F, L and T, referring to the motto "Friendship, Love and Truth"). The third story was designed to blend with the 1876 exterior, but is faced with a darker tint brick.</p><br>
<p>The I.O.O.F. Centennial Building features unusual architectural highlights, icons and peculiarities that are specially tied to its purpose as home for the lodge and its secret eleemosynary mission: the third-story temple, for instance, can only be reached via an antechamber, so that people who were in need could enter and exit the room without being exposed. Both doors were always manned, never opened simultaneously, and access was only by secret code twice recognized and acknowledged. Artifacts and furnishings are still present.</p><br>
<p>The building was not the first constructed using its triangular ground-plan: aside from a possibly unique triangular Roman temple built on a similarly constricted site in the city of Verulamium, Britannia, the Maryland Inn in Annapolis (1782) predates it.</p><br>
<p>Kilgobbin Cross is a high cross and National Monument located in Stepaside, County Dublin, Ireland.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Kilgobbin Cross is located on Kilgobbin Lane, Stepaside, about 450 m north-northwest of Stepaside town centre.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Kilgobbin takes its name from a St Goban, of which there appear to have been many in Ireland (the hagiographies are confused). The depiction of Jesus wearing a long cloak places the cross in the 10th century AD. The cross was buried in the graveyard and unearthed c. 1800.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The cross is made of granite and stands 2.5 m high. It is a Celtic cross with one side broken off. An inscription on the east face shows the Crucifixion of Jesus, with Jesus wearing a long robe. Unusually, there is a bullaun stone set into the cross&#39;s base.</p><br>
<p>The Melan Bridge is located in Emma Sater Park on the east side of Rock Rapids, Iowa, United States. The 30 by structure is believed to be the third concrete arch span built in the country. Austrian engineer Josef Melan developed a new system of concrete reinforcement for bridge construction in the early 1890s. A fellow Austrian, Fritz von Emperger, introduced the system in the United States, and obtained a patent for it in 1893.</p><br>
<p>von Emperger designed this bridge the same year to span a crossing over Dry Creek south of Rock Rapids. John Olsen, a builder from Rock Rapids, was contracted to build the structure. W.S. Hewett of Minnesota was the construction supervisor. The cement for the bridge was imported from Germany for $3.25 per barrel. It was mixed with sand and crushed jasper. The reinforcing is composed of five 4 in beams that are embedded in a concrete rib that narrows to 6 in at the crown. The spandrels are faced with Sioux Falls Jasper. The total cost for the project was $830. The narrow roadway made the bridge unfit for automobile traffic, and it was removed in the early 1960s. Due to local public sentiment, the county and the state highway commission moved the historic structure to the park in 1964. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<p>The Melan Bridge has been featured in the Cornell Civil Engineer, Modern Concrete Magazine, Concrete Industry News and The Central Contractor. Because of its significance and authenticity, a model of the bridge has been on display at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C.</p><br>
<p>Ras il-Wardija is a promontory in the limits of San Lawrenz, on the southwest coast of Gozo, Malta. It contains the remains of a Punic-Roman sanctuary, which was excavated by Italian archaeologists in the 1960s. The area is privately owned and it is currently in a dilapidated state.</p><br>
<h2>The site</h2><br>
<p>Ras il-Wardija was probably first inhabited in the Bronze Age, in around 1500 BC. In around the 3rd century BC,</p><br>
<p>The site remained in use throughout the Roman period. Carved crosses on the walls suggest that the site eventually became a Christian place of worship. The site remained in use until around the 4th century AD. A hermitage might have existed in the area during the medieval period.</p><br>
<p>The main structural elements of the site are:</p><br>
<p>a rock-hewn rectangular chamber, with a number of niches in the walls</p><br>
<p>a T-shaped rock-hewn corridor leading to the chamber</p><br>
<p>a water reservoir and a bell-shaped well, both rock-hewn</p><br>
<p>the remains of an external masonry structure including an altar</p><br>
<p>The masonry structure has some similarities to the remains of the Punic-Roman sanctuary at Tas-Silġ in Marsaxlokk.</p><br>
<h2>Excavations and recent history</h2><br>
<p>The area around Ras il-Wardija was used for defensive purposes during World War II.</p><br>
<p>On 30 March 1988, it was discovered that an ancient graffito carved on one of the walls of the sanctuary had been stolen. The graffito shows a human figure with outstretched arms, in the shape of a cross. It has been suggested that the figure represents the Punic goddess Tanit, but it might also be a medieval representation of a Christian cross. The graffito was recovered in June 2011, and it is now on display at the Gozo Museum of Archaeology in the Cittadella.</p><br>
<p>The land on which the sanctuary is located is privately owned by George Spiteri, and permission may be required in order to access the site.</p><br>
<p>Old Cooktown Hospital is a heritage-listed former public hospital and now Jehovah&#39;s Witness Kingdom Hall at May Street, Cooktown, Shire of Cook, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Francis Drummond Greville Stanley and built from 1879 to by Alfred Doorey & Son. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The former Cooktown Hospital was erected in 1879-81 to the design of Queensland colonial architect FDG Stanley, replacing an earlier temporary hospital building erected in 1874.</p><br>
<p>Cooktown was established in October 1873 as the Endeavour River port, supply and administrative centre for the Palmer River goldfields. In the earliest days of Cooktown settlement (the summer of 1873-74), new arrivals to the Endeavour River district faced food shortages, floods and fever, and the establishment of a hospital at Cooktown became urgent. In March 1874 a committee was formed to raise local subscriptions for a temporary hospital building, and the first Cook District Hospital, a small timber structure situated on the ridge above Charlotte Street (between Banks and Green Streets), was erected in April 1874. In the same month a Government Medical Officer was appointed, and the colonial government promised £300 for a permanent hospital, if public subscription of an equal amount was raised.</p><br>
<p>Cook District Hospital serviced the whole of the Endeavour, Palmer, Daintree and Mossman rivers districts, and the small building soon proved inadequate. In 1878 the Queensland colonial government acceded to local pressure and voted £2,000 for the construction of a permanent hospital at Cooktown. In April 1879 colonial architect Stanley was instructed to prepare plans.</p><br>
<p>Stanleys original plan was for a hardwood building comprising on the ground floor: 3 large wards (central, accident and female), a day room, dispensary and ophthalmic (operating?) room. Bathrooms were located at each end of the rear verandah, and earth closets in the backyard were connected by walkways to this rear verandah. The middle section of this long, hipped-roofed building had an upper floor, which comprised one large, light, airy ward. While the original plan does not show any proposed extensions, the fact that "central" ward was located at the eastern end of the main building may suggest that Stanley intended an eastern extension. On the original plan there is a rear service wing, at right angles to the main building, comprising warders quarters, store, laundry, kitchen and wash house. This appears to have been built as intended, but at a later period, was re-positioned parallel to the rear of the main building.</p><br>
<p>Stanley&#39;s design for the Cooktown Hospital, like almost all hospitals erected in Queensland from the 1860s to the 1930s, was based on the principles of the pavilion plan, which emphasised the importance of good ventilation and sanitation. This reflected current "miasmatic theory" accepted by the medical profession: that disease was transmitted by breathing air contaminated with noxious vapours from decomposing organic matter. The Cooktown Hospital was sited on the crest of the ridge above the main street of Cooktown, contained large, airy wards with access to wide surrounding verandahs on the lower level, and the lighting and ventilation of the upper level ward was augmented by a clerestory.</p><br>
<p>Tenders were called in June 1879 and that of South Brisbane builders Alfred Doorey & Son, with a price of £1945, was accepted in August. In September Stanley travelled to Cooktown and fixed the site for the hospital on the 11.5 acres Hospital Reserve (R.91) surveyed in July 1879 by CA Starcke and gazetted in 1880. The site occupied an entire town block - bounded by Hope, Boundary, May and Ida Streets - its size illustrative of the colonial governments commitment to Cooktowns development at this period. Stanley placed the hospital mid-way along Hope St on the western side of the reserve, but orientated the building to face north.</p><br>
<p>The hospital appears to have been erected under 2 contracts, one let to Doorey & Son in 1879, and a second contract, to erect kitchen and outbuildings, advertised in September 1880 and let to Cooktown builders Gordon and Menzies in November. It has not been determined in which year the additional ward at the eastern end of the building was erected. Oral history records that at some later date, additional accommodation was provided for "aliens" and Aborigines in blocks to the south of the services wing, and connected to this by covered walkways. At some period in the 20th century, the area between the re-positioned kitchen wing and the main building was enclosed as a staff dining room. Over the approximately 105 years that this building functioned as a hospital, a number of internal alterations were made to accommodate changes in medical, surgical and nursing practice.</p><br>
<p>The Cooktown Hospital survived the cyclones of 1907 and 1949, and during the Second World War functioned as an Air Force hospital.</p><br>
<p>In the mid-1980s a new hospital was erected in the grounds, and in 1986 the original building was acquired by the local congregation of the Jehovahs Witness, and moved to its present location in May Street, where it now faces west. The building was re-configured when removed to the second site, and the service wing does not appear to have survived. However, the place is still considered symbolic of Cooktowns goldrush days, and is a tourist attraction.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former Cooktown Hospital is constructed in timber. It has a two-storeyed front section facing west to May Street and a long single-storeyed wing attached at the rear and supported on steel stumps. The relationships of the front and rear sections are not original.</p><br>
<p>The ground floor level is surrounded by a wide verandah retaining parts of the original structure. It is supported on evenly spaced timber posts which have timber brackets and a simple later battened balustrade. The ground floor has an exposed timber frame with single double-hung windows and French doors in regular positions along each elevation.</p><br>
<p>The upper storey is clad in rusticated weatherboard (chamferboards). The western elevation has a triple set of double-hung windows with pairs of double-hung windows each side. This bank of windows has a continuous hood which has a decorated fascia and is supported on timber brackets. There are single-hooded double-hung windows on the northern and southern sides. The roof, which is clad in corrugated iron, is a pyramid form with a glazed lantern at the top with the soffits supported on paired timber brackets. Small gabled roofs are positioned centrally at the verandah and the second-storey roof, accentuating the entrance to the building.</p><br>
<p>Internally at ground floor level the original tongue and groove wall boarding has been covered with plasterboard. Ceilings at this level have been clad in plasterboard in the front section and the original exposed timber truss and tongue and groove boarded ceilings remain in the rear section. The original staircase to the first floor has been retained and the ceiling at this level is an exposed truss system with timber tongue and groove boarding.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The Old Cooktown Hospital was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former Cooktown Hospital, erected 1879-81, is important to Queensland history, being illustrative of the 1870s establishment of Cooktown as the principal port, supply and administrative centre to the important Palmer River goldfields.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>It is rare as one of Queensland&#39;s few surviving 19th century hospital buildings, and even rarer as an 1870s hospital building, based on pavilion plan design, addressing a tropical climate.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Although re-located within Cooktown and re-configured, the building retains much early fabric and in the two-storeyed section, illustrates late 19th century concerns with adequate ventilation and light in hospital design for a tropical climate.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The building, re-sited with Mount Cook as a backdrop, retains its late 19th century aesthetic appeal.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The place has an important association for the local community, which regards the building as still strongly associated with Cooktown&#39;s late 19th century boom, and which promotes the building as a tourist attraction.</p><br>
<p>The Klondike Bridge is located southwest of Larchwood, Iowa, United States. The 260 ft span carried traffic on 180th Street over the Big Sioux River. In 1913 the Iowa Legislature passed the Brockway Act that required counties to use Iowa State Highway Commission  standards for bridge construction rather than the counties acting on their own. The ISHC spent the next year standardizing plans. It is in this transition period that the Lyon County Board of Supervisors decided to replace an outdated 1901 span at this location. They contracted with the Western Bridge and Construction Company of Omaha, Nebraska to build this bridge. They used a Pratt through truss of their own design for the main span. It was flanked by two Warren pony trusses from the ISHC. The structure was completed in 1914 for $11,586.11. The historical nature of this bridge is derived from its construction in the transition period, and its use of standard and non-standard bridge designs.</p><br>
<p>Cooktown Powder Magazine is a heritage-listed gunpowder magazine at Webber Esplanade, Cooktown, Shire of Cook, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Francis Drummond Greville Stanley and built from 1875 to 1876 by Henry J Meldrum. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Cooktown Powder Magazine was constructed in 1875-76 for the Queensland Department of Ports & Harbours by Cooktown contractor Henry J Meldrum, working to designs prepared in the office of the Queensland colonial architect, FDG Stanley. It remains one of the earliest known surviving powder magazines in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>For over a century, from 1860 to 1963, control of all explosives and gunpowder imported into Queensland was the province of the Harbour Master&#39;s Department (1860–62), the Department of Ports & Harbours (1862–93), the Marine Department (1894-1928), and the Department of Harbours and Marine (1929–63). In 1964, responsibility was shifted to the Queensland Department of Health. Under The Navigation Act of 1876, the master of any ship entering a Queensland port with gunpowder to be unloaded, had to ensure that it was placed in a government magazine. The Ports & Harbours Department therefore was responsible for the provision of magazines and for the safe storage of explosives at Queensland ports of entry. The Act further regulated the conveyance and storage of gunpowder in any place in Queensland, not just in the ports.</p><br>
<p>From the late 1860s, government magazines were being erected at the principal ports and goldfields of Queensland. On the goldfields, magazines were administered by the Mines Department; control of magazines other than in ports was not vested in the Marine Department until 1907, under the provisions of the Explosives Act of 1906. Magazines were constructed of stone, brick, timber, iron or concrete, often dependent on the local availability of materials. At some ports, floating magazines were utilised. By 1900, magazines under the control of the Marine Department were situated at Brisbane, Maryborough, Bundaberg, Gladstone, Rockhampton, Bowen, Townsville, Cairns, Cooktown and Normanton.</p><br>
<p>Construction of the Cooktown Powder Magazine in the mid-1870s was closely associated with the anticipated exploitation of the gold-bearing reefs of the Palmer River district, following the initial rush to the Palmer in 1873-74. Cooktown had been established in October 1873 as the Endeavour River port for the Palmer, and developed almost overnight as a supply and administrative centre. Within six months of its establishment, the town had 20 restaurants, 12 large and 20 smaller stores, 6 butchers, 5 bakers, 3 tinsmiths, and chemists, fancygoods shops, watchmakers, bootmakers and saddlers; 65 publican&#39;s licenses had been issued for the Cooktown-Palmer River district, with 30 more applied for by April 1874. There was an estimated 3,000 floating population in the town itself, and thousands of men en route to the goldfields. Two Cooktown newspapers were established in 1874, a state school, customs house, court house, and several churches were erected by 1875, and the town was declared a municipality on 5 April 1876. The 1876 census revealed a population of over 9,200 persons on the Palmer River goldfields, and the town of Cooktown had a population of just under 2,200.</p><br>
<p>Considering the increasing use of explosives on the Palmer by 1875, and the inherent threat to public safety generated by the storage of explosives in local Cooktown warehouses, the Department of Public Works called tenders for a powder magazine at Cooktown in July 1875. The contract, which was for a brick store 26 feet by 15 feet, roofed with galvanised iron and surrounded at a distance of 25 ft by a 7 ft high timber fence, was won in September 1875 by HJ Meldrum, with a price of £590. For safety reasons, the structure was to be located at the rocks by the sea at the northern edge of Grassy Hill, a considerable distance from the pilot station. Operation of the magazine was the responsibility of the local Harbour Master.</p><br>
<p>The building was completed by late January 1876. It was constructed of imported bricks, with windows stone faced and fitted with copper- faced shutters. The large hardwood door into the building was also coppered from the outside, and there appears to have been a sloping platform leading up to this door. The roof overhung the structure 4 ft all around and had earthed lightning conductors. The interior had a hardwood floor with trestles on which the powder was stored about a foot above the flooring. No nails were used in the construction - all the timber work was pegged with wooden pegs - and any necessary metal fastenings were of copper. There was an 8 ft high paling fence surrounding the building - this sustained severe white ant damage within a few years, and was replaced in 1883 with a galvanised iron fence.</p><br>
<p>When completed in January 1876, the Cooktown magazine was accessible only by boat. Local agitation led to a road being made along the seafront to the magazine, and Webber Esplanade was extended around the northern edge of Grassy Hill in the mid-1880s. By the late 1880s a number of dwellings had been erected at the base of Grassy Hill in the vicinity of the magazine, and the local volunteer defence force had installed a gun nearby. Despite an 1889 recommendation by Foreman McMillan of the Works Department that the magazine be removed two or three miles up the railway line from the port, this did not eventuate. Treasury funds for the removal were allocated in 1890, but by mid-1891 Queensland had entered a severe economic depression, and the funding was curtailed.</p><br>
<p>From the mid-1880s alluvial output from the Palmer River goldfields declined, and money to develop the extensive reefs in the district was not forthcoming. By 1894 the amount of explosives stored in the Cooktown Powder Magazine was very small, and little was being expended on maintaining the building. In 1907 repairs to the roof sheeting, roof framing, batteries and fence were carried out.</p><br>
<p>By May 1941 most of the iron fence had collapsed. Much of the sheeting had already been removed, and the Harbour Master was making arrangements to offer the remaining sheets for sale.</p><br>
<p>The building and site (218m) were transferred to the National Trust of Queensland by Deed of Grant dated 25 March 1976, upon trust for Museum (Historic Relic) Purposes. In 1992 the National Trust, with local council and community support, removed the old roof, which was unsafe. This was replaced in 1996, and a programme of conservation and restoration of the brickwork commenced.</p><br>
<p>In 2006, erosion of the foreshore left the building teetering on the edge of the foreshore. The Queensland Government gave approval for foreshore reclamation and the construction of a rock wall to prevent further erosion.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The magazine is situated above high water mark, away from the centre of Cooktown, at the northern edge of Grassy Hill at the mouth of the Endeavour River. Its isolated location by the water&#39;s edge makes it a landmark, particularly when viewed from the estuary.</p><br>
<p>The building is single-storeyed and rectangular and contains one room with a door facing west. There are slit windows on the southern, eastern and western elevations. Wide openings have been roughly made in the north and south walls but signs of the earlier narrow openings remain. There is a new roof - timber framed with corrugated iron cladding - constructed in 1996, in the form of the original.</p><br>
<p>The Magazine is built of brick on a stone plinth with a dilapidated timber floor pegged into joists. The walls have in the past been white washed inside and out. Timber joinery is missing. There is no visible evidence above ground of the early fence, paths or landing.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Cooktown Powder Magazine was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Cooktown Powder Magazine is significant for its historical association with the development of the rich Palmer River goldfields in the mid-1870s, and survives as poignant evidence of the establishment of Cooktown as the principal administrative centre and supply port for the Palmer at this period.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>It is rare as one of the few government buildings surviving from Cooktown&#39;s establishment phase, and as one of the earliest known surviving Government powder magazines in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>As an 1870s brick powder magazine of standard proportions it remains a good example of its type and has the potential to contribute significantly to any future study of Queensland powder magazines.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The place contains good evidence of 1870s construction techniques for this special type of building use - especially the pegged timber floors, heavy hardwood framing, and small windows.</p><br>
<p>As an 1870s brick powder magazine of standard proportions it remains a good example of its type and has the potential to contribute significantly to any future study of Queensland powder magazines.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The building, isolated by the water&#39;s edge at the northern edge of Grassy Hill, is a Cooktown landmark, particularly when viewed from the estuary approach to the town.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The place is valued by the local community for its historical association with Cooktown&#39;s past and as a tourist attraction, and by the present owners, the National Trust of Queensland, for its rarity and historical, typological, technological and landmark values.</p><br>
<p>The Benjamin Riggs House is a historic house on Robinhood Road in Georgetown, Maine. Built about 1790, it is the oldest house in Georgetown, and is a well-preserved example of transitional Georgian-Federal architecture. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Benjamin Riggs House stands on the east side of Robinhood Road, near the Robinhood Marine Center in northern Georgetown. It is a two-story wood frame structure, with a hip roof, central chimney, clapboard siding, and granite foundation. Its main facade faces south, with an ell extending north to join the house to a barn. The front is three bays wide, symmetrically arranged, with its entrance framed by pilasters and topped by a half-round fanlight window and cornice. The interior retains many period features, including paneled fireplace surrounds, beaded wainscoting, and a front stair with turned newel posts and balusters.</p><br>
<p>The house was built about 1790 by Benjamin Riggs, a native of Gloucester, Massachusetts who supposedly settled here in 1776 at age seventeen. Successful in the shipping business, Riggs had this house built, along with storehouses at a nearby wharf. He served in the Massachusetts legislature, and also in the Maine legislature after it achieved statehood in 1820. It is the most architecturally distinctive house in Georgetown&#39;s Robinhood area.</p><br>
<p>The Augusta College Historic Buildings are two former dormitory buildings built for Augusta College in Augusta, Kentucky. Echo Hall, located on the east side of Frankfort Street, is a two-story brick building with a front-facing central gable and flanking side-gable wings. West Hall, located on the west side of Bracken Street, is a simpler two-story brick building with a side gable roof and five-bay facade. Both were built in the 1820s to house students at the recently established Augusta College, one of the first Methodist higher education establishments in the United States. The school was closed in 1849.</p><br>
<p>The two buildings, now used as private residences, were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>The Lockwood Mill Historic District encompasses the only major 19th-century mill complex in Waterville, Maine. Located south of the city&#39;s downtown, it was designed by  Amos D. Lockwood, a nationally known industrial designer of the period. Its #2 building was for 45 years home to the Hathaway Shirt Company. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The former Lockwood Mill complex is located on the western bank of the Kennebec River, just south of downtown Waterville and the bridge connecting it to Winslow. The mill complex includes three large brick buildings, and adjacent water control facilities for providing power to them. The mills are long rectangular buildings, ranging in height from two to five stories, with a shared commercial Italianate styling. The #1 mill was built in 1875, and the #2 and #3 mills in 1882 and 1883, each sporting a number of alterations and/or additions. Power facilities include a 1918-19 hydroelectric plant and dam, built to replace an older wooden crib dam.</p><br>
<p>Waterville&#39;s industrial textile development was relatively late in comparison to other area communities. In 1866, local businessmen made an organized effort to provide a large-scale power plant, planning for industrial development on the site of older grist and sawmills. Pursuant to these development efforts, the #1 mill was built in 1875 through the efforts of financier Reuben Dunn and mill engineer Amos Lockwood. Lockwood had prior involvement with a number of mill development efforts in northern New England, including at Saco and Lisbon Falls. The mills built here used state-of-the-art "slow burning" construction techniques designed to minimize the spread of fire, including large-dimension timbers and no concealed spaces or attics. The mills were used in cotton textile manufacturing until 1956, and the #2 mill was used from 1957 to 1992 by the Hathaway Shirt Company, an internationally known manufacturer who was one of the last shirt makers in the United States.</p><br>
<p>Dunsoghly Castle is a castle and a National Monument in St Margaret&#39;s, Ireland.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Dunsoghly Castle is found in St. Margarets, Co Dublin.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Dunsoghly Castle was built around 1450 by Sir Thomas Plunket, Chief Justice of the Irish Common Pleas, and was continuously occupied until the 1870s by descendants of the same family, despite being a cramped Irish castle and uncomfortable by post-medieval standards. The lofty four-storey tower of the castle has tapering corner turrets rising above the parapet.</p><br>
<p>The roof, which has served as a model for restorations at Bunratty Castle and Rothe House, is arch-braced with four oak principals; on each collar-beam stands a king-post supporting a purlin and cross-pieces below the ridge. The rafters are laid flat rather than on edge as in modern roofs and the framework covered with split laths.</p><br>
<p>There is a small chapel to the south bearing the year "1573" over the door, the Instruments of the Passion and the initials of Sir John Plunket and his third wife Jenet Sarsfield. Sir John was the grandson of Sir Thomas, who built Dunsoghly, and like his grandfather he presided as Chief Justice in one of the courts of common law. Jenet was a much married lady, Sir John being the fifth of her six husbands. On the west and south are remains of earthwork defences put up during the warfare of the 1670s.</p><br>
<p>The Burlington, Cedar Rapids, and Northern Railroad-Rock Rapids Station, Railroad Track and Bridge is a nationally recognized historic district located in Rock Rapids, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<p>The railroad did not come to Lyon County until 1885 when the Burlington, Cedar Rapids and Northern Railway (BCR&N) proposed to construct a line between Little Rock, Iowa and Sioux Falls, South Dakota via Rock Rapids. The county and local citizens promised financial support, and the line was completed the following year. The Cedar Rapids, Iowa Falls and Northwestern Railway, which was affiliated with the BCR&N, laid the track and built the structures. The depot is a one and two-story frame building. The decorative treatment of the exterior of building is in the Stick style. The single story section was used as a warehouse. Bridge No. 2834 is a 550 ft structure, and features a horizontal circular curve. The Plate girder bridge is nine spans in length. The eastern two spans cross the main channel of the Rock River, the interior six spans cross Island Park, and the western span crosses the west branch of the Rock River. Just to the north of the depot is a hand switch along the tracks (date unknown).</p><br>
<p>The BCR&N was succeeded by the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad, who then took over these facilities. The Lyon County Historical Society has owned the depot since 1973, and operates it as a museum. The Rock Island Line operated the tracks into the mid-1970s, when they were abandoned.</p><br>
<p>Albion Courthouse Square Historic District is a national historic district located in Albion, Noble County, Indiana. The district encompasses 61 contributing buildings, 1 contributing site, and 2 contributing structures in the central business district and surrounding residential sections of Albion. It developed between about 1855 and 1964, and includes notable examples of Greek Revival, Gothic Revival, Italianate, Romanesque Revival, Classical Revival, and Art Deco style architecture. Located in the district are the separately listed Noble County Courthouse and Noble County Sheriffs House and Jail. Other notable buildings include the USA Post Office , Police Booth , Albion Town Hall , St. Marks Lutheran Church , United Brethren Church / Masonic Lodge , Presbyterian Church , and Clapp Block / Bank Building .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2013.</p><br>
